1.创建测试的用户和修改挂载的参数
[root@localhost ~]# useradd user1 –新建两个用户[root@localhost ~]# useradd user2[root@localhost ~]# mount -o remount,usrquota,grpquota /mnt/sdb –重新挂载，加参数[root@localhost ~]# mount -l –查看挂载选项/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root on / type ext4 (rw)proc on /proc type proc (rw)sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext=”system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0″)/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)/dev/sdb1 on /mnt/sdb type ext4 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)[root@localhost ~]# quotacheck -avug -mf –生成两个quota文件quotacheck: Your kernel probably supports journaled quota but you are not using it. Consider switching to journaled quota to avoid running quotacheck after an unclean shutdown.quotacheck: Scanning /dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sdb] donequotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directoryquotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directoryquotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directoryquotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directoryquotacheck: Checked 2 directories and 0 filesquotacheck: Old file not found.quotacheck: Old file not found.[root@localhost ~]# ll /mnt/sdb –查看生成的两个文件total 26-rw——-. 1 root root 6144 Jan 9 17:59 aquota.group-rw——-. 1 root root 6144 Jan 9 17:59 aquota.userdrwx——. 2 root root 12288 Jan 9 17:55 lost+found[root@localhost ~]# quotaon -avug –开启quota功能/dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sdb]: group quotas turned on/dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sdb]: user quotas turned on[root@localhost ~]# edquota -u user1Disk quotas for user user1 (uid 500):Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard/dev/sdb1 0 10 20 0 0 0[root@localhost ~]# edquota -u user2Disk quotas for user user2 (uid 501):Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard/dev/sdb1 0 5 10 0 0 0
2.验证配额
[root@localhost ~]# su – user1[user1@localhost ~]$ cd /mnt/sdb[user1@localhost sdb]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=12 bs=1M count=5 –创建5M的文件没有警告信息,正常5+0 records in5+0 records out5242880 bytes (5.2 MB) copied, 0.0525754 s, 99.7 MB/s[user1@localhost sdb]$ ll -h 12-rw-rw-r–. 1 user1 user1 5.0M Jan 9 18:16 12[user1@localhost sdb]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=123 bs=1M count=21 –创建12M的文件有警告信息，表示失败sdb1: warning, user block quota exceeded.sdb1: write failed, user block limit reached.dd: writing `123′: Disk quota exceeded20+0 records in19+0 records out20475904 bytes (20 MB) copied, 0.20094 s, 102 MB/s[user1@localhost sdb]$ ll -h 123-rw-rw-r–. 1 user1 user1 0 Jan 9 18:17 123[user1@localhost sdb]$ exitlogout[root@localhost ~]# su – user2 –用户user2测试[user2@localhost ~]$ cd /mnt/sdb[user2@localhost sdb]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=23 bs=1M count=8 –写入8M文件成功sdb1: warning, user block quota exceeded.8+0 records in8+0 records out8388608 bytes (8.4 MB) copied, 0.0923618 s, 90.8 MB/s[user2@localhost sdb]$ ll -h 23 –查看文件大小-rw-rw-r–. 1 user2 user2 8.0M Jan 9 18:23 23[user2@localhost sdb]$[user2@localhost sdb]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=23 bs=1M count=11 –写入11M文件失败sdb1: warning, user block quota exceeded.sdb1: write failed, user block limit reached.dd: writing `23′: Disk quota exceeded10+0 records in9+0 records out10235904 bytes (10 MB) copied, 0.106298 s, 96.3 MB/s[user2@localhost sdb]$
3.查看quota配置,修改警告时间,取消quota
[root@localhost ~]# quota -vu user1 user2 –查找指定的用户quota信息Disk quotas for user user1 (uid 500):Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace/dev/sdb1 0 10000 20000 0 0 0Disk quotas for user user2 (uid 501):Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace/dev/sdb1 8193* 5000 10000 6days 1 0 0[root@localhost ~]# repquota -av –所有用户和quota信息*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/sdb1Block grace time: 7days; Inode grace time: 7daysBlock limits File limitsUser used soft hard grace used soft hard grace———————————————————————-root — 13 0 0 2 0 0user1 — 0 10000 20000 0 0 0user2 +- 8193 5000 10000 6days 1 0 0Statistics:Total blocks: 7Data blocks: 1Entries: 3Used average: 3.000000[root@localhost ~]# edquota -t –修改文件警告天数(Block 天数 Inode 天数)Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or secondsFilesystem Block grace period Inode grace period/dev/sdb1 7days 7days[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/warnquota.conf –查看警告信息[root@localhost ~]# quotaoff /mnt/sdb –关闭quota功能
4.磁盘分区,转换磁盘的格式做软阵列
[root@localhost ~]# sfdisk -l –查看系统有多少块硬盘Disk /dev/sda: 1044 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/trackUnits = cylinders of 8225280 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0Device Boot Start End #cyls #blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 0+ 63- 64- 512000 83 Linux/dev/sda2 63+ 1044- 981- 7875584 8e Linux LVM/dev/sda3 0 – 0 0 0 Empty/dev/sda4 0 – 0 0 0 EmptyDisk /dev/sdb: 74 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track –第二块硬盘Disk /dev/sdc: 79 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track –第三块硬盘Disk /dev/sdd: 74 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track –第四块硬盘Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 849 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/trackDisk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 130 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -cu /dev/sdb –分区交转换分区格式（以下分区全部这么做，这里我就不显示了）Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabelBuilding a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x2255ec93.Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.After that, of course, the previous content won’t be recoverable.Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)Command (m for help): nCommand actione extendedp primary partition (1-4)pPartition number (1-4): 1First sector (2048-1196031, default 2048):Using default value 2048Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-1196031, default 1196031): +100MCommand (m for help): nCommand actione extendedp primary partition (1-4)pPartition number (1-4): 2First sector (206848-1196031, default 206848):Using default value 206848Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-1196031, default 1196031): +100MCommand (m for help): nCommand actione extendedp primary partition (1-4)pPartition number (1-4): 3First sector (411648-1196031, default 411648):Using default value 411648Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (411648-1196031, default 1196031): +100MCommand (m for help): tPartition number (1-4): 1Hex code (type L to list codes): fdChanged system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)Command (m for help): tPartition number (1-4): 2Hex code (type L to list codes): fdChanged system type of partition 2 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)Command (m for help): tPartition number (1-4): 1Hex code (type L to list codes): fdChanged system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 612 MB, 612368384 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 74 cylinders, total 1196032 sectorsUnits = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x2255ec93Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sdb1 2048 206847 102400 fd Linux raid autodetect/dev/sdb2 206848 411647 102400 fd Linux raid autodetect/dev/sdd3 411648 616447 102400 fd Linux raid autodetectCommand (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.Syncing disks.[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb –强制读取分区表BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 1BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 2BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 3[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sdc –强制读取分区表BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 1BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 2BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 3[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sdd –强制读取分区表BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 1BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 2BLKPG: Device or resource busyerror adding partition 3
5.将第二，三块硬盘的第一个分区做成raid0
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm –create /dev/md0 –raid-devices=2 –level=0 /dev/sd{b,c}1 –第二，三块硬盘第一分区做raid0mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadatamdadm: array /dev/md0 started.[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat –查看raid信息Personalities : [raid0]md0 : active raid0 sdc1[1] sdb1[0]224256 blocks super 1.2 512k chunksunused devices: none [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 –格式化mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=1024 (log=0)Fragment size=1024 (log=0)Stride=512 blocks, Stripe width=1024 blocks56224 inodes, 224256 blocks11212 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=1Maximum filesystem blocks=6737100828 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2008 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks:8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (4096 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md0 /mnt/sdb[root@localhost ~]#
6.将第二，三块硬盘的第二个分区做raid1
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm –create /dev/md1 –raid-devices=2 –level=1 /dev/sd{b,c}2mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start andmay not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan tostore ‘/boot’ on this device please ensure thatyour boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use–metadata=0.90Continue creating array?Continue creating array? (y/n) ymdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadatamdadm: array /dev/md1 started.[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md1mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=1024 (log=0)Fragment size=1024 (log=0)Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks28112 inodes, 112320 blocks5616 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=1Maximum filesystem blocks=6737100814 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2008 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks:8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (4096 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md1 /mnt/sdb1/
7.将第二，三，四块硬盘的第三个分区做成raid5
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm –create /dev/md2 –raid-devices=3 –level=5 /dev/sd{b,c,d}3mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadatamdadm: array /dev/md2 started.[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md2mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=1024 (log=0)Fragment size=1024 (log=0)Stride=512 blocks, Stripe width=1024 blocks56224 inodes, 224256 blocks11212 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=1Maximum filesystem blocks=6737100828 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2008 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks:8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (4096 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md2 /mnt/sdb2/
8.查看raid信息
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstatPersonalities : [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]md2 : active raid5 sdd3[3] sdc3[1] sdb3[0]224256 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]md1 : active raid1 sdc2[1] sdb2[0]112320 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]md0 : active raid0 sdc1[1] sdb1[0]224256 blocks super 1.2 512k chunksunused devices: none [root@localhost ~]# df -THFilesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_rootext4 6.9G 6.4G 166M 98% /tmpfs tmpfs 262M 0 262M 0% /dev/shm/dev/sda1 ext4 508M 48M 435M 10% /boot/dev/md0 ext4 223M 6.4M 205M 3% /mnt/sdb/dev/md1 ext4 112M 5.8M 100M 6% /mnt/sdb1/dev/md2 ext4 223M 6.4M 205M 3% /mnt/sdb2[root@localhost ~]#
9.raid故障恢复和用raid使用逻辑卷(lvm)
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -a /dev/md2 /dev/sdd1 –在raid5中添加一块分区mdadm: added /dev/sdd1[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -f /dev/md2 /dev/sdd3 –将raid5中的第三个分区变为失效mdadm: set /dev/sdd3 faulty in /dev/md2[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -r /dev/md2 /dev/sdd3 –移除raid5中的第三个分区mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdd3 from /dev/md2[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstatPersonalities : [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]md2 : active raid5 sdd1[4] sdc3[1] sdb3[0] –查看raid5中的所有分区224256 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]md1 : active raid1 sdc2[1] sdb2[0]112320 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]md0 : active raid0 sdc1[1] sdb1[0]224256 blocks super 1.2 512k chunksunused devices: none [root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/md2 –将raid5转换成物理卷Physical volume “/dev/md2” successfully created[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate vg0 /dev/md2 –物理卷组成卷组Volume group “vg0” successfully created[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 150M -n test /dev/vg0 –从卷组中划分逻辑卷Rounding up size to full physical extent 152.00 MiBLogical volume “test” created[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg0/test –格式化逻辑卷mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=1024 (log=0)Fragment size=1024 (log=0)Stride=512 blocks, Stripe width=1024 blocks38912 inodes, 155648 blocks7782 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=1Maximum filesystem blocks=6737100819 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2048 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks:8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (4096 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 36 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vg0/test /mnt/sdb2/ –挂载[root@localhost ~]# df -THFilesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_rootext4 6.9G 6.4G 166M 98% /tmpfs tmpfs 262M 0 262M 0% /dev/shm/dev/sda1 ext4 508M 48M 435M 10% /boot/dev/md0 ext4 223M 6.4M 205M 3% /mnt/sdb/dev/md1 ext4 112M 5.8M 100M 6% /mnt/sdb1/dev/mapper/vg0-testext4 155M 5.8M 141M 4% /mnt/sdb2[root@localhost ~]#
从此便踏上征途，也许会孤独一程。
