Linux 灾难恢复 Linux 系统启动故障修复

简介: Linux 发行版本众多,现如今也得到了越来越广泛的应用,同时也面临着系统出现故障的潜在风险,本文将详细介绍几种 Linux 灾难恢复技术和方法,以确保 Linux 系统安全恢复。

Linux 灾难恢复

Linux 发行版本众多,现如今也得到了越来越广泛的应用,同时也面临着系统出现故障的潜在风险,本文将以发行版本 RHEL6 为例详细介绍几种 Linux 灾难恢复技术和方法,以确保 Linux 系统的安全恢复。

在介绍 Linux 灾难恢复方法之前,我们先来了解下 MBR,其全称为 Master Boot Record,即硬盘的主引导记录。它由三个部分组成,主引导程序、硬盘分区表和硬盘有效标志。在总共 512 字节的主引导扇区里主引导程序(Bootloader)占 446 个字节,第二部分是硬盘分区表,占 64 个字节,硬盘有多少分区以及每一分区的大小都记录在其中。第三部分是硬盘有效标志,占 2 个字节。具体如图示:

图 1. MBR

系统硬盘分区表破坏

生产环境中的 Linux 服务器可能会因为病毒或者意外断电而引起硬盘分区表被破坏,通常恢复硬盘分区表需要之前我们先备份其分区表的信息,一般我们使用 USB 外接设备来备份主机硬盘的分区表。

在主机上挂载 USB 设备后我们查看系统当前磁盘设备 :

[root@FCoE ~]# fdisk -lDisk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00032735Device BootStartEndBlocks Id System /dev/sda1 *117131072 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2171471048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda31475227 40803328 83 LinuxDisk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000Disk /dev/sdb doesn’t contain a valid partition table

现在我们在 sdb 这个设备上创建一个新的分区 :

[root@FCoE ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xcdd48395. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won’t be recoverable.Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It’s strongly recommended toswitch off the mode (command ‘c’) and change display units tosectors (command ‘u’).Command (m for help): n Command actione extendedp primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-261, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-261, default 261): Using default value 261Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcdd48395Device BootStartEndBlocks Id System /dev/sdb112612096451 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): w The partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.

在新分区 sdb1 上创建文件系统:

[root@FCoE ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 131072 inodes, 524112 blocks 26205 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912 16 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks:32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (8192 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: doneThis filesystem will be automatically checked every 24 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

挂载新的文件系统:

[root@FCoE ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/

通常我们通过备份硬盘的 MBR 来备份硬盘分区表:

[root@FCoE ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/mnt/sda.mbr bs=512 count=1 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.000777948 s, 658 kB/s

现在我们来写零硬盘分区表来实现类似分区表被破坏的结果:

[root@FCoE ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=1 count=64 skip=446 seek=446 64+0 records in 64+0 records out 64 bytes (64 B) copied, 0.00160668 s, 39.8 kB/s

查询硬盘 sda 上的分区信息,发现其已不包含任何分区:

使你疲倦的不是前面的高山,而是你鞋里的一粒沙子。

Linux 灾难恢复 Linux 系统启动故障修复

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