linux中LCD设备驱动(1)——framebuffer(帧缓冲)

1、framebuffer 帧缓冲

帧缓冲(framebuffer)是Linux 系统为显示设备提供的一个接口,它将显示缓冲区抽象,屏蔽图像硬件的底层差异,允许上层应用程序在图形模式下直接对显示缓冲区进行读写操作。用户不必关心物理显示缓冲区的具体位置及存放方式,这些都由帧缓冲设备驱动本身来完成。

framebuffer机制模仿显卡的功能,将显卡硬件结构抽象为一系列的数据结构,可以通过framebuffer的读写直接对显存进行操作。用户可以将framebuffer看成是显存的一个映像,将其映射到进程空间后,就可以直接进行读写操作,写操作会直接反映在屏幕上。

framebuffer是个字符设备,主设备号为29,对应于/dev/fb%d 设备文件。

通常,使用如下方式(前面的数字表示次设备号) 0 = /dev/fb0 第一个fb 设备 1 = /dev/fb1 第二个fb 设备

fb 也是一种普通的内存设备,可以读写其内容。例如,屏幕抓屏:cp /dev/fb0 myfilefb 虽然可以像内存设备(/dev/mem)一样,对其read,write,seek 以及mmap。但区别在于fb 使用的不是整个内存区,而是显存部分。

2、fb与应用程序的交互

对于用户程序而言,它和其他的设备并没有什么区别,用户可以把fb看成是一块内存,既可以向内存中写数据,也可以读数据。fb的显示缓冲区位于内核空间,应用程序可以把此空间映射到自己的用户空间,在进行操作。

在应用程序中,操作/dev/fbn的一般步骤如下:(1)打开/dev/fbn设备文件。(2)用ioctl()操作取得当前显示屏幕的参数,如屏幕分辨率、每个像素点的比特数。根据屏幕参数可计算屏幕缓冲区的大小。(3)用mmap()函数,将屏幕缓冲区映射到用户空间。(4)映射后就可以直接读/写屏幕缓冲区,进行绘图和图片显示了。

3、fb的结构及其相关结构体

在linux中,fb设备驱动的源码主要在Fb.h (linux2.6.28\include\linux)和Fbmem.c (linux2.6.28\drivers\video)两个文件中,它们是fb设备驱动的中间层,为上层提供系统调用,为底层驱动提供接口。

在fb.h文件中有fb驱动需要使用的很多结构,我们先对这些结构体进行说明:

(1)、

一个帧缓冲区对应一个struct fb_info结构,它包括了帧缓冲设备的属性和操作的完整集合,每个帧设备都有一个fb_info结构体。源码如下:

struct fb_info {int node;int flags;struct mutex lock;/* Lock for open/release/ioctl funcs */互斥锁struct fb_var_screeninfo var;/* Current var */当前缓冲区的可变参数struct fb_fix_screeninfo fix;/* Current fix */固定参数struct fb_monspecs monspecs;/* Current Monitor specs */当前显示器标志struct work_struct queue;/* Framebuffer event queue */帧缓冲事件队列struct fb_pixmap pixmap;/* Image hardware mapper */图像硬件mapperstruct fb_pixmap sprite;/* Cursor hardware mapper */光标硬件mapperstruct fb_cmap cmap;/* Current cmap */当前的调色板struct list_head modelist; /* mode list */struct fb_videomode *mode;/* current mode */当前的视频模式#ifdef CONFIG_FB_BACKLIGHT如果配置了LCD支持背光灯/* assigned backlight device *//* set before framebuffer registration, remove after unregister */背光调整struct backlight_device *bl_dev;/* Backlight level curve */struct mutex bl_curve_mutex;u8 bl_curve[FB_BACKLIGHT_LEVELS];#endif#ifdef CONFIG_FB_DEFERRED_IOstruct delayed_work deferred_work;struct fb_deferred_io *fbdefio;#endifstruct fb_ops *fbops;帧缓冲操作函数集struct device *device;/* This is the parent */父设备struct device *dev;/* This is this fb device */fb设备int class_flag; /* private sysfs flags */私有的sysfs标志#ifdef CONFIG_FB_TILEBLITTINGstruct fb_tile_ops *tileops; /* Tile Blitting */图块blitting#endifchar __iomem *screen_base;/* Virtual address */虚拟基地址unsigned long screen_size;/* Amount of ioremapped VRAM or 0 */ ioremap的虚拟内存大小void *pseudo_palette;/* Fake palette of 16 colors */ 伪16位调色板#define FBINFO_STATE_RUNNING0#define FBINFO_STATE_SUSPENDED1u32 state;/* Hardware state i.e suspend */硬件的状态void *fbcon_par; /* fbcon use-only private area *//* From here on everything is device dependent */void *par;};

(2)、

/** Frame buffer operations** LOCKING NOTE: those functions must _ALL_ be called with the console* semaphore held, this is the only suitable locking mechanism we have* in 2.6. Some may be called at interrupt time at this point though.*/fb_ops结构体用来实现对帧缓冲设备的操作,这些函数需要驱动开发人员编写,struct fb_ops {/* open/release and usage marking */struct module *owner;

打开和释放int (*fb_open)(struct fb_info *info, int user);

int (*fb_release)(struct fb_info *info, int user); 这两个函数对于非线性布局的/常规内存映射无法工作的帧缓冲设备需要/* For framebuffers with strange non linear layouts or that do not* work with normal memory mapped access*/ssize_t (*fb_read)(struct fb_info *info, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos);ssize_t (*fb_write)(struct fb_info *info, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos); 检测可变参数,并调整到支持的值/* checks var and eventually tweaks it to something supported,* DO NOT MODIFY PAR */int (*fb_check_var)(struct fb_var_screeninfo *var, struct fb_info *info); 设置视频模式/* set the video mode according to info->var */int (*fb_set_par)(struct fb_info *info); 设置color寄存器的值/* set color register */int (*fb_setcolreg)(unsigned regno, unsigned red, unsigned green, unsigned blue, unsigned transp, struct fb_info *info); 批量设置color寄存器,设置颜色表/* set color registers in batch */int (*fb_setcmap)(struct fb_cmap *cmap, struct fb_info *info); 显示空白/* blank display */int (*fb_blank)(int blank, struct fb_info *info); pan显示/* pan display */int (*fb_pan_display)(struct fb_var_screeninfo *var, struct fb_info *info); 填充矩形/* Draws a rectangle */void (*fb_fillrect) (struct fb_info *info, const struct fb_fillrect *rect);

数据复制/* Copy data from area to another */void (*fb_copyarea) (struct fb_info *info, const struct fb_copyarea *region);

图形填充/* Draws a image to the display */void (*fb_imageblit) (struct fb_info *info, const struct fb_image *image); 绘制光标/* Draws cursor */int (*fb_cursor) (struct fb_info *info, struct fb_cursor *cursor); 旋转显示/* Rotates the display */void (*fb_rotate)(struct fb_info *info, int angle); 等待blit空闲/* wait for blit idle, optional */int (*fb_sync)(struct fb_info *info); fb特定的ioctl操作/* perform fb specific ioctl (optional) */int (*fb_ioctl)(struct fb_info *info, unsigned int cmd,unsigned long arg); 处理32兼容的ioctl操作/* Handle 32bit compat ioctl (optional) */int (*fb_compat_ioctl)(struct fb_info *info, unsigned cmd,unsigned long arg); fb特定的mmap操作/* perform fb specific mmap */int (*fb_mmap)(struct fb_info *info, struct vm_area_struct *vma); 保存目前的硬件状态/* save current hardware state */void (*fb_save_state)(struct fb_info *info); 恢复被保存的硬件状态/* restore saved state */void (*fb_restore_state)(struct fb_info *info); 通过fb_info获得framebuffer的能力/* get capability given var */void (*fb_get_caps)(struct fb_info *info, struct fb_blit_caps *caps, struct fb_var_screeninfo *var);};

(3)、

fb_fix_screeninfo结构体中,记录了用户不能修改的固定显示控制器参数。这些固定的参数如缓冲区的物理地址、缓冲区的长度等等。struct fb_fix_screeninfo {char id[16];/* identification string eg "TT Builtin" */

字符串形式的标识符unsigned long smem_start;/* Start of frame buffer mem */

/* (physical address) */

fb缓存的开始位置__u32 smem_len;/* Length of frame buffer mem */

fb缓存的长度__u32 type;/* see FB_TYPE_**/

FB_TYPE_*类型__u32 type_aux;/* Interleave for interleaved Planes */

分界__u32 visual;/* see FB_VISUAL_**/

屏幕使用的色彩模式__u16 xpanstep;/* zero if no hardware panning */

如果没有硬件panning ,赋0__u16 ypanstep;/* zero if no hardware panning */

__u16 ywrapstep;/* zero if no hardware ywrap */

1行的字节数__u32 line_length;/* length of a line in bytes */

内存映射I/O的开始位置unsigned long mmio_start;/* Start of Memory Mapped I/O *//* (physical address) */

内存映射I/O的长度__u32 mmio_len;/* Length of Memory Mapped I/O */__u32 accel;/* Indicate to driver which*//* specific chip/card we have*/__u16 reserved[3];/* Reserved for future compatibility */};

(4)、

fb_var_screeninfo结构体中存储了用户可以修改的显示器控制参数,例如屏幕分辨率、透明度等等。struct fb_var_screeninfo {__u32 xres;/* visible resolution*/__u32 yres;

可见解析度,即分辨率__u32 xres_virtual;/* virtual resolution*/__u32 yres_virtual;

虚拟解析度__u32 xoffset;/* offset from virtual to visible */__u32 yoffset;/* resolution*/ 虚拟到可见之间的偏移__u32 bits_per_pixel;/* guess what*/

每像素位数,BPP__u32 grayscale;/* != 0 Graylevels instead of colors */

非0时指灰度struct fb_bitfield red;/* bitfield in fb mem if true color, */struct fb_bitfield green;/* else only length is significant */struct fb_bitfield blue;

fb缓存的R\G\B位域struct fb_bitfield transp;/* transparency*/

透明度__u32 nonstd;/* != 0 Non standard pixel format */

!= 0 非标准像素格式__u32 activate;/* see FB_ACTIVATE_**/

__u32 height;/* height of picture in mm */

屏幕的高度__u32 width;/* width of picture in mm */ 屏幕的宽度__u32 accel_flags;/* (OBSOLETE) see fb_info.flags */ fb_info的标志/* Timing: All values in pixclocks, except pixclock (of course) */__u32 pixclock;/* pixel clock in ps (pico seconds) */

/* 像素时钟(皮秒) */__u32 left_margin;/* time from sync to picture*/

行切换:从同步到绘图之间的延迟__u32 right_margin;/* time from picture to sync*/

行切换:从绘图到同步之间的延迟__u32 upper_margin;/* time from sync to picture*/

帧切换:从同步到绘图之间的延迟__u32 lower_margin;

帧切换:从绘图到同步之间的延迟__u32 hsync_len;/* length of horizontal sync*/

水平同步的长度__u32 vsync_len;/* length of vertical sync*/

垂直同步的长度__u32 sync;/* see FB_SYNC_**/__u32 vmode;/* see FB_VMODE_**/__u32 rotate;/* angle we rotate counter clockwise */

顺时钟旋转的角度__u32 reserved[5];/* Reserved for future compatibility */};

(5)、

fb_cmap结构体中记录了颜色板信息,即调色板信息。,用户空间可以通过ioctl()的FBIOGETCMAP和 FBIOPUTCMAP命令读取或设定颜色表。struct fb_cmap {__u32 start;/* First entry*/第一个元素的入口__u32 len;/* Number of entries */元素个数__u16 *red;/* Red values*/红色、绿色、蓝色__u16 *green; __u16 *blue;__u16 *transp;/* transparency, can be NULL */透明度};

上面这些结构体之间有什么关系呢?看下图:

(6)、

fb_bitfield 结构体描述每一像素显示缓冲区的组织方式,包含位域偏移、位域长度和MSB 指示,

struct fb_bitfield {__u32 offset;/* beginning of bitfield*/

位域偏移__u32 length;/* length of bitfield*/

位域长度__u32 msb_right;/* != 0 : Most significant bit is *//* right */

MSB};

s3c6410硬件DISPLAY CONTROLLER(显示控制器)的链接地址

linux中LCD设备驱动(2)——基于s3c6410平台的链接地址

linux中LCD设备驱动(3)——基于s3c6410平台的链接地址

临行之前,面对太多的疑问和不解:

linux中LCD设备驱动(1)——framebuffer(帧缓冲)

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