structured learning,What is project learning？

structured learning,What is project learning？详细介绍

本文目录一览： Structured learning什么意思

结构化，有条理的学习
例：
As europeans try to harmonise higher education, some institutions are pushing the more structured learning that comes with an american phd.
当欧洲人努力协调高等教育时，有些机构正在竭力推行来自美国的更加有组织的博士学习方式。
home.52brain.com
2.
Curriculum is a structured series of intended learning outcomes.
课程是预期的学习结果的构造系列。
Provided by jukuu
3.
In this blog post I will write about how I taught them, why I structured the learning the way I did, and why it worked.
在这篇博客中，我会介绍我是怎么教她们的，我构建教她们的方式的理由，以及这种方法是怎么起作用的。
article.yeeyan.org
4.
It is moderate that schools are expected to operate a well-disciplined, structured environment that is conductive to learning.
学校应该营造一种有利于学习的，有纪律的，有组织的环境，这是很正常的。
jinan.neworiental.org
5.
Most learning doesn't occur during formal training programs. It happens through processes not structured or sponsored by an employer or a school.
多数学习发生在不是雇主（或学校）主导（或主办）的过程中，而非正式培训项目。
blog.163.com

Time and how we experience ...

【答案】
【小题1】C
【小题2】C
【小题3】B
【小题4】D
【答案解析】试题分析：文章大意：此篇文章主要讲的是同样的事情，同样的时间，但是心里层面的时间和物理概念的时间是有差别的。时间过的很快，怎样从心理上让时间变慢。
【小题1】细节理解题根据第一段中“Physicists
have
created
fascinating
theories,
but
their
time
is
measured
by
a
pendulum
（钟摆）
and
is
not
psychological
time,
which
leaps
with
little
regard
to
the
clock
or
calendar”可知，物理概念的时间和心里的时间是有区别的。选C。
【小题2】细节理解题根据第二段中“They
also
note
that
the
more
time
is
structured
with
schedules
and
appointments,
the
more
rapidly
it
seems
to
pass．”可知，因为单位时间是被规划好的，所以越是细致的规划者时间，看上去就过的越快。选C。
【小题3】猜词题根据这段中“Surrounded
by
unfamiliar
scenery,
with
no
real
idea
of
when
we’ll
arrive,
we
experience
the
trip
as
lasting
a
long
time.”可知，因为对周边环境的不熟悉才觉得时间过得慢，可知这种户外的“不熟悉”就会成为我们生活的一种常规了。Novelty和unfamiliarity意思相近，选B
【小题4】推理判断题根据最后一段“Learning
something
new
is
one
of
the
ways
to
slow
the
passage
of
time.
One
of
the
reasons
the
days
of
our
youth
seems
so
full
and
long
is
that
these
are
the
days
of
learning
and
discovery.
For
many
of
us,
learning
ends
when
we
leave
school,
but
this
doesn’t
have
to
be”可知文章讲的是为什么时间过的很快，怎样从心理上让时间变慢，选D。
考点：考查日常生活类短文

Simple and Effective Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition with Structured Nearest Neighbor Learning

我们提出了一个基于最近邻学习和结构化推理的简单few-shot命名实体识别（NER）系统。我们的系统使用在 源域上训练的监督NER模型作为特征提取器 。在 多个测试域中，我们发现在这个特征空间中的最近邻分类器比标准的元学习方法更有效 。我们进一步提出了一种廉价但有效的方法来捕获 标记实体标记之间的依赖关系，无需昂贵的CRF训练 。我们证明了我们将结构化解码与最近邻学习相结合的方法在标准的少数镜头上达到了最先进的性能NER评估任务，与之前基于MetalLearning的系统相比，F1提高了6%-16%的绝对分数。
命名实体识别（NER）旨在将文本的范围识别和分类为一组封闭的类，如人员、组织和位置。作为一项核心语言理解任务，NER被广泛应用于多个领域，如新闻、医学和社交媒体。然而，使NER适应新领域的主要挑战之一是 不同领域特定实体类型之间的不匹配 。例如，在I2B2 2014数据中标注的23种实体类型中，只有两种可以在OntoNotes 5注释中找到。不幸的是，获取新领域的NER注释可能非常昂贵，通常需要领域知识。 Few-shot classification模型旨在根据每个类别中仅有的少数标记示例（支持集）识别新类别 。在NER的上下文中，这些fewshot分类方法可以通过仅标记每个实体类的几个示例来快速构建新领域的NER系统。之前的几项研究（Fritzler et al.，2019；Hou et al.，2020）建议使用典型网络（Snell et al.，2017），这是一种流行的少数镜头分类算法，
在NER的上下文中，这些fewshot分类方法可以通过仅标记每个实体类的几个示例来快速构建新领域的NER系统。之前的几项研究建议使用prototype网络，这是一种流行的few-shot分类算法，来解决few-shot NER问题。然而，这些方法只能达到10～30% 当使用一个或五个示例在不同的NER数据集之间传递知识时，F1平均得分为30%。由于两个原因，现有的few-shot分类方法直接适应few-shotNER是一个挑战。
首先，NER本质上是一个结构化学习问题。 建立标签依赖关系模型 至关重要，而 不是使用现有的few-shot分类方法直接独立地对每个标记进行分类 。
其次，few-shot分类模型通常会 根据其支持集中的标记示例通过学习原型来表示每个语义类 。然而，对于NER，外部（O）类与实体类不同并不表示任何统一的语义。事实上， 数据集中标记为O的标记实际上对应于不同的语义空间，这些语义空间应该在基于度量的学习框架中单独表示。
图1：一个简单的例子。职业（如“部长”和“总统”）和日期（如“今天”和“明天”）是O类的一部分。与使用 基于类的度量的方法相比 ，最近邻分类器更擅长使用 基于实例的度量 来预测O类。
例如，考虑在图1中，对于一些NER数据集，诸如专业（例如，“部长”）和日期（例如，“今天”）之类的语义类也可能属于O类。因此，以前的方法最终学习了 一个嘈杂的prototype ，用于在这种低资源环境中表示O类。
在本文中，我们提出了一种简单而有效的方法STRUCTSHOT，用于few-shot。我们没有学习每个实体类的原型，而是 通过句子中的上下文表示在支持集的标记示例中表示每个标记 。（by its contextual representation in the sentence），我们通过在 源域上训练标准的监督NER模型来学习这些上下文表示
虽然在训练阶段meta-learning方法模拟了few-shot验证设置，但我们的方法并没有采用。在评估期间，STRUCTSHOT使用最近邻（NN）分类器和维特比解码器进行预测。如图1所示， 对于目标示例中的每个令牌（“总统”），NN分类器从支持示例中查找其最近的令牌（“部长”），而不是依赖错误的类级（外部）prototype表示 。我们还 通过使用维特比解码器捕获标签依赖性来改进最近邻预测 。
我们针对这个问题进行了广泛的域内和域外实验。我们测试了我们的系统，既可以在源域中识别新类型的实体，也可以在one-shot和five-shot设置中在各种目标域中识别新类型的实体。
除了Hou等人（2020）之前的评估设置外，我们还通过使用多个领域基准数据集的标准测试集和开发集，为few-shot NER提出了更标准和可重复的评估设置。特别是，我们从标准开发集中采样支持集，并在标准测试集上评估我们的模型。在我们所有的实验中，我们发现我们提出的系统比以前的元学习系统的F1绝对分数高出6%-16%。
在本节中，我们正式确定了few-shot NER的任务，并提出了一个标准的评估设置，以便于对未来研究的结果进行有意义的比较
few shot-NER系统需要学习仅使用几个标记的示例来泛化到看不见的实体类
k-shot ner定义如下，输入序列x，k-shot支持集 for 目标tag集，找出序列x的标签y
k-shot支持集：对于每个由目标tag集给出的实体类含有k个实体实例
之前关于few-shot NER的工作遵循了few-shot分类文献，并采用了情节评估方法。
具体而言，针对多个评估事件评估NER系统。一集包括一组标记示例的K-shot支持样本集和几个K-shot测试样本集。除了这些先前的实践之外，我们还提出了一个更现实的评估设置，只对支持集进行采样，并在NER基准的标准测试集上测试模型。
测试集构造在情节评估设置中，对测试集进行采样，以使不同的实体类均匀分布。这种评估设置显然没有考虑真实数据中的实体分布。因此，报告的绩效分数不能反映这些模型在适应新领域时的有效性。我们建议 使用标准NER数据集的原始测试集 来评估我们模型的性能。我们的评估设置不需要随机抽样测试集，因此，为未来的研究提高了其再现性
为了在few-shot设置中测试我们的模型，我们从基准数据集的标准开发集中采样支持集。我们通过对多个支持集进行抽样，并报告这些抽样支持集在测试集上的平均性能，来说明模型性能的差异。我们计划在我们的再现性实验中发布用于评估的不同支持集。与分类任务不同，NER中的一个句子可能包含多个实体类。因此， 简单地为每个实体类采样K个句子将导致频繁类的实体比不频繁类的实体多得多 。因此，我们使用 贪婪抽样策略来构建支持集 。特别是，我们对实体类的句子按照其频率的递增顺序进行取样。
在本节中，我们将介绍基于结构化最近邻学习（STRUCTSHOT）的少镜头NER算法。我们的方法使用在源域上训练的NER模型）， as a token embedder to generate contextual representations for all tokens。推断时，这些静态表征仅用于最近邻token分类。我们还使用 维特比解码器通过利用从源域估计的标签转换 来 捕获标签依赖关系 。
STRUCTSHOT的 主干是一个简单的token级最近邻分类系统（NNShot） 。在推断时，给出了一个测试示例
和K-shot实体支持集，由N个句子组成，
NNShot使用token embedder
获取各自句子中所有标记的上下文表示。NNShot计算测试示例中的标记token x与支持集中的所有标记{x'}之间的相似性分数。
其中Sc是标记为c的支持标记集,在这项工作中，我们使用平方欧氏距离d（?x，x?'）=| | x?? x?' | | 2用于计算最近邻分类中标记之间的相似性。在计算这些距离之前，我们还对特征执行L2规范化。
大多数元学习方法在训练阶段模拟测试阶段的设置。因此，这些方法从训练数据中抽取多个支持集和测试集并学习表示，以最小化源域上相应的few-shot损失。在本文中，我们使用在源域上训练的NER模型来学习token表示，以最小化监督交叉熵损失。监督的NER模型通常由token embedder和线性分类器组成。我们考虑了两种受监督的NER模型的流行神经架构：BiLSTM NER模型和基于BERT的NER模型。为了在源域上培训这些模型，我们遵循他们原始论文中的设置。对这些模型进行训练以最小化源域中训练数据的交叉熵损失。在推理时，NNShot使用BiLSTM 和 Transformer encoders just before the final linear classification layers as token embedders
条件随机场（CRF）是为NER建立标签依赖关系模型的实际方法 使用BiLSTM embedder和分类层来表示 token-tag emission scores，并通过联合训练CRF层来学习tag-tag 转换分数。在few-shot学习的情况下，采用类似的方法很有挑战性。源域和目标域中的tags之间的不匹配不允许仅通过在源域上的培训来学习目标域的tag-tag转换分数。
STRUCTSHOT通过 使用源域数据上估计的抽象tag转换分布 来解决这一难题。此外，STRUCT-SHOT放弃了CRF中的训练阶段，仅在推理过程中使用其Viterbi解码器。 利用转移矩阵捕获三个抽象NER标记之间的转移概率 O, I, I-Other：
比如p(O|I) 和 p(I|O)表示实体tag和o之间的转移概率 p(I|I) 和p(I-Other|I)表示实体tag和他自己以及其他实体tag之间的转移概率
如图2所示， 通过将抽象转移概率均匀分布到相应的目标转移中 ，我们可以将这些抽象转移概率扩展到任意目标域tag set。我们的简单扩展方法保证了得到的目标转移概率仍是有效的分布。
STRUCTSHOT的关键思想是， 在训练数据中通过计算特定转移发生的次数来估计抽象转移概率 。从X到Y的跃迁概率为
从X到Y的转换频率，以及从任何标记到Y的转换频率。在实践中，这些抽象转换也可以从给定领域知识的先验分布中提取。
对于维特比推理，我们从NNShot获得测试示例中每个token的发射概率p（y=c | x）。
给定这个抽象转移分布p（y0 | y）和发射分布p（y | x），我们使用维特比解码器来解决以下结构化推理问题
由于发射和转移概率是独立估计的，因此我们引入了一个温度超参数τ，该参数重新规范化了转移概率，以将发射和转移得分调整到类似的尺度

什么是dms数据系统？

　　dms是指企业或专业机构利用基于IT、Internet技术的Database平台，对自身积累的客户信息资源、消费者数据库、潜在市场目标人群资料进行相关市场营销分析，并借助于IT和Internet技术，通过电子刊物发送、产品与服务信息传递、用户满意调研、在线销售服务等多种方式来提供企业的市场营销能力和水平。
　　DMS数据系统：
　　DMS，数据挖掘系统，也叫九派壹线服装软件，是北京九派壹线软件有限公司自主研发的专门供服装服饰企业使用的运营分析兼预警管理软件。该软件将运营数据分析、仓储物流管理、货品流转管理、陈列方案管理、人员管理、VIP会员管理、进销存管理、订货管理、生产进度管理等各环节进行有机结合。DMS的与众不同之处是，它具备各种各样的数据分析功能：业绩分析、贡献度分析、Z型图、同环比、销售速度、销售趋势等等专门为服装服饰企业设计的销售报表。它自动为您生成日报、月报、周报，几秒内瞬间就能够汇总出整年销售结果。本软件灵活多变:历史库存、当前库存、出库、入库、销售、退货……想要什么数据，随您选择。您可根据需要设定他们之间的计算公式，定义您自己的报表。
　　DMS分为网络下载版和企业安装版。网络下载版又根据功能模块分为云基础版、云标准版、云专业版、云旗舰版，可在北京九派壹线软件有限公司官方网站下载试用。91DMS服装软件企业安装版具备多套解决方案，并可实现企业个性化管理的量身定制。
　　数据挖掘（英语：Data mining），又译为数据采矿、数据挖掘。它是数据库知识发现（英语：Knowledge-Discovery in Databases，简称：KDD)中的一个步骤。数据挖掘一般是指从大量的数据中自动搜索隐藏于其中的有着特殊关系性（属于Association rule learning）的信息的过程。数据挖掘通常与计算机科学有关，并通过统计、在线分析处理、情报检索、机器学习、专家系统（依靠过去的经验法则）和模式识别等诸多方法来实现上述目标。
　　定义
　　数据挖掘有以下这些不同的定义：“从数据中提取出隐含的过去未知的有价值的潜在信息”“一门从大量数据或者数据库中提取有用信息的科学。”[2]尽管通常数据挖掘应用于数据分析，但是像人工智能一样，它也是一个具有丰富含义的词汇，可用于不同的领域。
　　方法
　　数据挖掘的方法（Strategy）包括监督式学习、非监督式学习、关系分组（Affinity Grouping，作关系性的分析）与购物篮分析（Market Basket Analysis）、同值分组（Clustering）与描述（Description）。监督式学习包括：分类（Classification）、推估（Estimation）、预测（Prediction）。
　　例子
　　数据挖掘在零售行业中的应用：零售公司跟踪客户的购买情况，发现某个客户购买了大量的真丝衬衣，这时数据挖掘系统就在此客户和真丝衬衣之间创建关系。销售部们就会看到此信息，直接发送真丝衬衣的当前行情，以及所有关于真丝衬衫的资料发给该客户。这样零售商店通过数据挖掘系统就发现了以前未知的关于客户的新信息，并且扩大经营范围。
　　历史
　　数据挖掘是因为海量有用数据快速增长的产物。使用计算机进行历史数据分析，1960年代数字方式采集数据已经实现。1980年代，关系数据库随着能够适应动态按需分析数据的结构化查询语言（Structured Query Language, SQL）发展起来。数据仓库开始用来存储大量的数据。因为面临处理数据库中大量数据的挑战，于是数据挖掘应运而生，对于这些问题，它的主要方法是数据统计分析和人工智能搜索技术。
　　挖掘过程
　　数据预处理一般包括包括数据清理、数据集成、数据变换和数据规约四个处理过程.

求《新视野》视听说教程，第二册，第七单元以后的答案。其中：第七单元是：DOES MONEY TALK？ 谢了！！

新视野大学英语（第二版）第二册Unit 7答案
Unit 7
Comprehension of the Text
I.
1. You should learn to take charge of your life and recognize there are many things beyond your control.
2. Being tense may cause tremendous and rapid increases in their blood pressure.
3. They found the excess alarm or stress chemicals could literally burst heart muscle fibers, creating many short circuits and causing crazy heat rhythms.
4. Fear, uncertainty, and doubt, together with lack of control.
5. One kind is professional women, and the other kind is people who have no compass in life.
6. The NICE factors –new, interesting, challenging experiences.
7. Cut it down to 6 and set priorities.
8. You must learn to flow.
Vocabulary
III.
1.react??? 2.tense?? 3.recommended??? 4.destructive???? 5. perceive
6.emphasis 7.stirred??? 8.priority??? 9.attributed??? 10. stimulate
IV.
1. blow his top? 2. Among other things 3. take charge of 4. put emphasis on 5. is attributed to??6. from my viewpoint 7. substituted low-fat oil for butter 8.cut down on 9. keep your audience in mind???? 10. out of control
V.
1.N?? 2.E?? 3.G?? 4.J?? 5.I?? 6.A?? 7.C?? 8.L?? 9.D?? 10.O
Word Building
VI.
1.endless??? 2. thoughtful??? 3. harmful??? 4. restless 5.beautiful 6.successful??? 7.fearless?? 8.joyful
VII.
realize??? privatize???? characterize??? socialize
nationalize?? economize???? normalize?? criticize
1.nationalized 2.criticized?? 3.normalized?? 4.economize
5.realized????? 6.socializing 7.privatized?? 8.characterizes
Sentence structure
VIII.
1. When you are studying abroad, misunderstandings can result from cultural differences, among other things.
2. Online learning requires, among other things, commitment and discipline to keep up with the flow of the course.
3. The research work was severely criticized for its poor management, among other things.
4. They discussed, among other things, the future of the oil industry.
5. The article shows, among other things, the negative effects of generation gap between parents and children.
IX.
1. The more often I practice, the better I play.
2. The higher we got up in the air, the colder it became.
3. The more carbon the steel contains and the quicker the cooling is, the harder the steel becomes.
4. The more I thought about his suggestion, the more doubtful I became.
5. The more he eats, the fatter he becomes.
Translation
X.
1. At the meeting they discussed, among other things, the present economic situation.
2. The more I learned about the nature, the more absorbed I became in its mystery.
3. The doctor recommends that those stressed people should try something new, interesting and challenging in order to give their negative feelings an outlet.
4. The teacher gives more homework to the student who has bad grades instead of cutting it down.
5. By contrast, American parents are more likely to attribute their children's success to natural talent.
6. One of a teacher's priorities is to stimulate students' interests and their creativity.
XI.
1. 除了其他内容，他的研究还牵涉到发展中国家与爱滋病的斗争。
2. 这些人明白了他们的服务越好，他们就挣得越多。
3. 尽管父亲似乎忧虑不安，但苏珊感觉不到他在表情或行动上有什么变化。
4. 能获得多少经济资助已成为学生选择上哪所学校的更重要的因素。
5. 她已经减少了外出和买衣服的花费,但她还是没钱开始还债。
6. 控制压力的方法之一是认识到生活中有很多事情是我们无法掌控的。
CLOZE
XII.
1.D 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.B 11.D 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.B
Structured Writing
My friend Jack has become a workaholic. He has too strong a desire to prove himself. According to him, good enough is never good enough. While others want only to finish a few things, he aims to do everything by himself. Also, he is unwilling to spend time with his family, playing with the dog, or going fishing. He would feel guilty if he did so, because he believes that all his time should be spent working. He even wishes that he could have a day of 26 hours or even more. He has become a workaholic whether he likes it or not.
Section B
Comprehension of the Text
II.
1. F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T?? 6.F 7.F?? 8.T
Vocabulary
III.
1.constant?? 2.ambition?? 3.consequence?? 4.evident?? 5. summarize
6.welfare 7.schedule?? 8.attaining?? 9.loyal 10.indispensable
IV.
1. There isn't anything to do other than wait to see what will happen.
2. Although Bill was going to the movies, he told Joe to the contrary.
3. I wonder who it was that defined man as a rational animal.
4. Traveling in that country isn't necessarily expensive; you can find reasonably priced hotels and restaurants.
5. Janet tends to get angry if you bother her.
6. I would rather walk there than go by bus.
7. She was held for twenty days and at times she feared for her life.
8. He's been burning the midnight oil for a week now, getting ready for finals.
9. For many people the only possible way to escape from poverty is to move to other countries.
10. Born in Milan, he dropped out of university to devote himself to music.

个人英语作文，有漏洞啊，请英语指出并纠正，谢谢。

I‘m very glad to hear that you are interested in Chinese. Although you have some problems about learning Chinese now, I believe that since you are so clever, you can solve them and get better grades. I am willing to give you some suggestions to help you and I hope that they can be useful.
Vocabulary is the fundamental element for every language. So expanding your vocabulary number would be the priority of learning Chinese. I think it would be a good idea to learn more vocabulary by listening to tapes and some Chinese Channels as well.
However, in order to get better results in terms of Chinese, you also need to train yourself in writing. Writing diaries would be a good choice.
In addition, I think it would be helpful for you to read some literatures loudly. If you can persist to do this at least twice a day, it really works.
I hope that you can learn Chinese better and get a better result.
Best Wishes
(your name)
1.I'm very glad to hear you are interested in Chinese。hear后要加that
2.i believe clever you can slove them and get greater grades。改为i believe that you can slove them and get a better grades because you are clever。
3.I can offer you a number of suggestions about how to learn Chinese better。改为I can offer you some suggestions to help you learn Chinese better。
4.All language 。language要加s，是复数。
5.listening tapes and the chinese channel of radio。改为：tapes and listening the chinese channel radio。
6.Not only should we listen,but also write and read。改为Learning chinese is not only listening,but also writing and reading。
7.To write diary is a good method to improve your chinese。此举之前加一句：I think there are many ways to improve chinese。
8.whenever possible。改为whenever it is possible

英语作文，，，，，，

Learning any language requires hard work, commitment and a willingness to make mistakes, and English is no different.
Speak a little English every day. The absolute best way to learn any new language is just to speak it. It doesn't matter if you only know five English words or if you're practically fluent -- speaking English with another person is the fastest, most effective method of improving.
Don't wait until you "feel more comfortable" speaking in English -- you probably won't reach that level for a long time, so push yourself outside of your comfort zone and start speaking English today. You' ll be amazed at how quickly your language skills improve.
Find a native English speaker who is willing to spend some time speaking English with you -- you may be able to offer them a language exchange, where they spend 30 minutes speaking English with you and you spend 30 minutes speaking your native language with them.
If you live in an English-speaking country, you can practice by starting simple conversations with the people you meet, whether it's saying "hello" to a shopkeeper or asking a stranger for directions.
Work on your pronunciation. Even if you have an acceptable grasp of the English language, with good grammar and an extensive vocabulary, native English speakers may find you very difficult to understand if you don't work on your pronunciation.
Correct, clear pronunciation is essential if you really want to improve your level of English. Listen closely to how native English speakers pronounce certain words and sounds and do your best to copy them.
Pay particular attention to any sounds that you are unfamiliar with or that do not exist in your native tongue. For example some people have difficulty pronouncing the "r" sound, as it does not exist in their native language, while other people have difficulty with certain consonant clusters, such as the "th" sound.
Be aware that the pronunciation of certain English words varies greatly depending on the part of the world it's spoken in. For example, American English is very different from British English. If you intend to travel to or live in an English-speaking country, this is something you should take into account when learning how to pronounce certain words.
Expand your vocabulary and use idiomatic phrases. The wider your vocabulary and the more English phrases you learn, the easier speaking English will become.
Again, spending time with native English speakers will help you to pick up on common vocabulary and phrases in a natural way. Although reading, watching English TV and listening to the news is also beneficial.
Once you have learned a new word or phrase, you should make an effort to use it in a sentence -- this is the best way to commit it to memory.
Another easy way to commit new words to memory is to make labels for everyday household items and stick them around your house or apartment. Then every time you use the kettle or look in the mirror, you will see the English word for these items staring back at you.
You should also start a notebook of idiomatic phrases that English speakers use all the time. Some examples include "it's raining cats and dogs " (raining heavily), to be on "cloud nine" (to be very happy) or saying something is a "piece of cake" (when something is very easy). Sprinkling these kinds of phrases into your conversation will bring your level of English up several notches.
Attend an English class or discussion group. Another great way to incorporate some extra English conversation into your weekly routine is to sign up for a class of discussion group.
Attending an English class is a great way to focus on some of the more formal aspects of speaking English. A class will teach you the grammatically correct way of speaking -- which includes proper sentence structure and verb conjugation and will generally provide a very structured approach to language learning.
Attending a discussion group is a more informal and relaxed way of learning English, where the emphasis is more on communication and relationship building than on speaking "correct" English. Speaking English in this setting can help you to become more comfortable with speaking in front of other people.
Both of these language-learning settings have their pros and cons, so it's best to do both if you can!

新视野大学英语1（第二版）读写教程答案 1-4单元的

新视野大学英语第二版读写教程第一册答案 新视野大学英语（ 新视野大学英语（第 2 版）第 1 册
Unit 1 答案 III.
1. rewarding
2. communicate
3. access
4. embarrassing
5. positive
6. commitment
7. virtual
8. benefits
9. minimum
10. opportunities
IV.
1. up
2. into
3. from
4. with
5. to
6. up
7. of
8. in
9. for
10.with
V.
1.G 2.B 3.E 4.I 5.H 6.K 7.M 8.O 9.F 10.C
Sentence Structure VI.
1. Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor.
2. Allan Clark kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down.
3. The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the family.
4. Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others wee insulting and impolite.
5. Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry.
VII. 1. Not only did Mr. Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridged the gap between his culture and ours.
2. Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English.
3. Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.
4. Not only do the workers want a pay increase, but they also want reduced working hours.
5. Not only is the house expensive, but it is also too far away from my company. Translation VIII. 1. Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply.
2. She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless.
3. Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot.
4. Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need.
5. He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. She feels, however, that this is too much for her.
6. Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. IX.
1. 我永远都不会忘记那位老师，是他告诉我学外语是有趣的、有价值的。如果没有他，我的英语说得不会 像现在这样好。
2 没有任何其他语言能像英语那样让你感受到多姿多彩的世界文化。有了过硬的英语知识，你就可以体验 奇妙的文化之旅。
3. 写作不仅仅要写老师布置的话题，而且要写自己感兴趣的东西，例如，给朋友写电子邮件。
4. 远程教学课程是指授课者与学生通过计算机通信技术进行交流的课程。
5. 英语不但是世界上最有用的语言，也是世界上最易学、易用的语言之一。 6 远程教学课程在时间安排上给予学生更多的自由， 但与其他课程比， 这些课程要求学生有更强的自律能力。
Cloze 1. B 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.C 6,C 7.B 8.A 9.a 10.B 11.A 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.B
Structured Writing XII. I am proud to say that I succeeded in learning a foreign language. It was a real challenge and, needless to say, it took a lot of practice. I carried a small dictionary with me everywhere I went as well as a notebook in which I listed new words I came across. I also managed my time carefully so that I met the standards of the course and finished assignments on time. After years of persistence, I reaped the benefits of all my hard work.
Section B Reading Skills 1. 1.C 2.B 3.D 4. A 5. B
Comprehension of the Text II. 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D
Vocabulary 1. community 2. effective 3. unique 4. committed 5. reinforce 6. perspective 7. explicit 8. challenge 9. hindered 10. arose
IV. 1. for 2. with 3. on 4. on 5. on 6. of 7. in 8. up 9. of 10.In

语言学中 什么是 componential analysis

Componential analysis成分分析法
Componential analysis, also called feature analysis or contrast analysis, refers to the description of the meaning of words through structured sets of semantic features, which are given as “present”, “absent” or “indifferent with reference to feature”. The method thus departs from the principle of compositionality. Componential analysis is a method typical of structural semantics which analyzes the structure of a word's meaning. Thus, it reveals the culturally important features by which speakers of the language distinguish different words in the domain (Ottenheimer, 2006, p. 20). This is a highly valuable approach to learning another language and understanding a specific semantic domain of an Ethnography.
Examples
man = [+ male], [+ mature] or woman = [– male], [+ mature] or boy = [+ male], [– mature] or girl [– male] [– mature] or child [+/– male] [– mature]. In other words, the word girl can have three basic factors (or semantic properties): human, young, and female. Another example, being edible is an important factor by which plants may be distinguished from one another (Ottenheimer, 2006, p. 20). To summarize, one word can have basic underlying meanings that are well established depending on the cultural context. It is crucial to understand these underlying meanings in order to fully understand any language and culture.
Historical background
Structural semantics and the componential analysis were patterned on the phonological methods of the Prague School, which described sounds by determining the absence and presence of features. On one hand, componential analysis gave birth to various models in generative semantics, lexical field theory and transformational grammar. On the other hand, its shortcoming were also visible:
1.The discovery procedures for semantic features are not clearly objectifiable.
2.Only part of the vocabulary can be described through more or less structured sets of features.
3.Metalinguistic features are expressed through language again.
4.Features used may not have clear definitions.
5.Limited in focus and mechanical in style.
As a consequence, entirely different ways to describe meaning were developed, such as prototype semantics.
Componential analysis，指语素分析、成分分析，或者语义成分分析法等，英语定义如下：
1、Componential analysis 语义成分分析法定义
Componential analysis is a method of semantic analysis based on the assumption that the meaning of words can be adequately described by a set of primitive semantic features.
语义成分分析法是研究语义的一种重要方法,是结构语言学的对分法在语义研究中的具体应用，前提条件是词汇语义能够满足结构需要。
2、Componential analysis 语义成分分析法举例说明
bachelor = [+ MALE], [+ MATURE] or
鳏夫可以划分为二个语义场：男性+成年人
spinster = [– MALE], [+ MATURE] or
剩女可以划分为二个语义场：女性+成年人
boy = [+ MALE], [– MATURE] or
男孩可以划分为二个语义场：男性+未成年人
girl = [– MALE] [– MATURE] or
女孩可以划分为二个语义场：女性+未成年人
child = [+/– MALE] [– MATURE].
孩子可以划分为二个语义场：男性/女性+未成年人
将词汇划分为多个语义场【以上只是划分为二个语义场；其实，语义场划分越细致，甄别特征越明显】，可以甄别词汇语义在哪个层次是相同的，哪个层次是不同的；这样可以在不同语境中，区别词汇同义、近义、反义的关系，把握识别词汇正确语义，提高运用词汇质量和精度。
3、Componential analysis语义成分分析法说明
In other words, the word girl can have three basic factors (orsemantic properties): human, young, and female. Another example, being edible is an important factor by which plants may be distinguished from one another. To summarize, one word can have basic underlying meanings that are well established depending on the cultural context. It is crucial to understand these underlying meanings in order to fully understand any language and culture.
英语词汇都有语义层次或类别，比如相同之处都是人类；不同之处在于划分类别不同，+号表示具备某种属性；– 号表示不具备；比如，单词bachelor【单身狗】；spinster【剩女】都指未婚男女；语义成分分析法将这二个词分解为语义类别，分别是bachelor：人类-男性-未婚；spinster：人类-非男性-未婚；语义区别很容易甄别；其他词汇比如boy、girl、child也可以这样划分语义层次或类别；这样通过语义类别的不同或相同，词汇语义内涵与外延特征很容易甄别。

What is project learning？

Project-based learning From Wikipedia
the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Project Based Learning) Jump to: navigation
search Project based learning
or PBL
is a constructivist pedagogy that intends to bring about deep learning by allowing learners to use an inquiry based approach to engage with issues and questions that are rich
real and relevant to their lives. Contents[hide] 1 Purpose 2 Structure 3 Elements 4 Activities 5 Roles 6 Outes 7 Related articles 8 External links 9 References [edit] Purpose Project based learning is designed to be used for plex issues that require students to investigate in order to understand. It is not useful to use PBL for easy to learn factual information. For example
students may be asked to monitor the water quality in a local river to learn about their local environment and environmental issues that affect it. [edit] Structure PBL is an approach for classroom activity that emphasizes learning activities that are long-term
interdisciplinary and student-centered. This approach is generally less structured than traditional
teacher-led classroom activities; in a project-based class
students often must anize their own work and manage their own time. Within the project based learning framework students collaborate
working together to make sense of what is going on. Project-based instruction differs from inquiry-based activity by its emphasis on collaborative learning. Additionally
project-based instruction differs from traditional inquiry by its emphasis on students' own artifact construction to represent what is being learned. [edit] Elements Elements of a good project based learning experience include: A fertile question or issue that is rich
real and relevant to the students lives Real world use of technology Student-directed learning Collaborative Multi-disiplinary Long term (more than 3 weeks) Outes-based
with an artifact
presentation
or action as a result of the inquiry [edit] Activities When used with 21st century skills
Project based learning (PBL) is more than just a web-quest or inter research task. Within this type of project
students are expected to use technology in meaningful ways to help them investigate or present their learning. Where technology is infused throughout the project
a more appropriate term for the pedagody can be referred to as iPBL (copyright 2006
ITJAB)
to reflect the emphasis of technological skills AND academic content. The PROMOTE Geia Project[1] is an excellent example of iPBL. This 2002 Geia Department of Education initative was developed by a team of instructional technologist. When used effectively
research has shown PBL
and iPBL
helps teachers create a high-performing classroom in which teachers and students form a powerful learning munity. The aim is for real-life context and technology to meet and achieve outes in the curriculum through an inquiry based approach. A PBL approach is designed to encourage students to bee independent workers
critical thinkers
and lifelong learners. Many teachers and researches involved in PBL believe it makes school more meaningful as it provides in-depth investigations of real-world topics and significant issues worthy of each individual child's attention and investigation. [edit] Roles PBL relies on learning groups; student groups determine their projects
in so doing
engaging student voice by encouraging students to take full responsibility for their learning. This is what makes PBL constructivist. After a few project-based learning cycles
the school culture begins to revolve around the learning groups; success in project science helps determine munity status. Status is also achieved by helping less confident students succeed in science projects; this is Synergy.
参考: en. *** /wiki/Project_Based_Learning
愿你在另一个户口开展新生，寻得知识、助人与分享的真义。
愿你在另一个户口开展新生，寻得知识、助人与分享的真义。
愿你在另一个户口开展新生，寻得知识、助人与分享的真义。
愿你在另一个户口开展新生，寻得知识、助人与分享的真义。
愿你在另一个户口开展新生，寻得知识、助人与分享的真义。
愿你在另一个户口开展新生，寻得知识、助人与分享的真义。
愿你在另一个户口开展新生，寻得知识、助人与分享的真义。
自问自答狗 自问自答狂
Project based learning is a constructivist pedagogy that intends to bring about deep learning by allowing learners to use an inquiry based approach to engage with issues and questions that are rich
real and relevant to their lives. Project based learning is designed to be used for plex issues that require students to investigate in order to understand. It is not useful to use PBL for easy to learn factual information. For example
students may be asked to monitor the water quality in a local river to learn about their local environment and environmental issues that affect it. It is an approach for classroom activity that emphasizes learning activities that are long-term
interdisciplinary and student-centered. This approach is generally less structured than traditional
teacher-led classroom activities; in a project-based class
students often must anize their own work and manage their own time. Within the project based learning framework students collaborate
working together to make sense of what is going on. Project-based instruction differs from inquiry-based activity by its emphasis on collaborative learning. Additionally
project-based instruction differs from traditional inquiry by its emphasis on students' own artifact construction to represent what is being learned. When used with 21st century skills
Project based learning (PBL) is more than just a web-quest or inter research task. Within this type of project
students are expected to use technology in meaningful ways to help them investigate or present their learning. Where technology is infused throughout the project
a more appropriate term for the pedagody can be referred to as iPBL (copyright 2006
ITJAB)
to reflect the emphasis of technological skills AND academic content. The PROMOTE Geia Project[1] is an excellent example of iPBL. This 2002 Geia Department of Education initative was developed by a team of instructional technologist. When used effectively
research has shown PBL
and iPBL
helps teachers create a high-performing classroom in which teachers and students form a powerful learning munity. The aim is for real-life context and technology to meet and achieve outes in the curriculum through an inquiry based approach. A PBL approach is designed to encourage students to bee independent workers
critical thinkers
and lifelong learners. Many teachers and researches involved in PBL believe it makes school more meaningful as it provides in-depth investigations of real-world topics and significant issues worthy of each individual child's attention and investigation. ...more go to this website: en. *** /wiki/Project_Based_Learning
参考: en. *** /wiki/Project_Based_Learning