head first design pattern,范思哲英文广告语
head first design pattern,范思哲英文广告语详细介绍
本文目录一览： 有没有关于好的Android设计模式方面的书籍推荐？主要是设计应用的、
我将按照初级，中级，高级三类来划分推荐的书。并且按照格式——名称，语言，内容&评论，推荐指数来写：）。
初级：我认为初级的标准是阐述模式是什么以及常见模式的介绍。
1.
名称 ： Head First Design Patterns
语言 ： java
评论 ： Jolt大奖得主，介绍了常见的十几种模式。我认为最好的模式入门书籍，内容生动，风格活泼。如果对模式了解较少，看这本书最合适不过，即使你水平不错，相信看了也会有收获。
推荐 ： 五星
2.
名称 ：java与模式
语言 ：java
评论 : 首先介绍了SRP，LSP等基本原则，然后介绍了GOF23种模式和其他三种模式，以中国传统名著如西游记等举例，写的比较不错。当然1000多页的厚度读起来也需要耐心：）。虽然有些知识稍微过时，而且跟java语言联系太紧密，但还是本好书。
推荐 ： 四星
3.
名称 ： .NET与设计模式
语言 ： C#
评论 ： 和上面一本书定位和风格非常相似，只不过换了语言和平台。如果你是.net的坚决拥护者，无论如何不肯看用 java语言写的书，那么这本书适合你，个人认为这本书写得比C#设计模式要好。
推荐 ： 四星
4.
名称 ： C#设计模式
语言 ： C#
评论 ： 很薄的一本书，仅仅按照GOF的风格用C#描述了GOF模式，感觉这种书意义不大。
推荐 ： 两星
5.
名称 ： 深入浅出设计模式（C#/java版）
语言 ： C#/java
评论 ： 和上本书风格相似，语言既有C#又有java，例子感觉是随便从网上搜集的。
推荐 ： 两星
中级：中级的书不仅仅是介绍模式，更多的是关注模式的应用。
1.
名称 ： 设计模式解析
语言 ： java（第二版）
评论 ： 也是久负盛名的一本书，代码大全的作者推荐的模式学习书籍。书中的很多思路很有启发性，值得阅读。只是作者狂引建筑的永恒之道，让人觉得莫名其妙。
推荐 ： 四星
2.
名称 ： 重构与模式
语言 ： java
评论 ： 我期望很高的一本书，但看了以后发现是七分重构三分模式，对模式本身叙述不多，主要将如何重构实现模式，适合有一点基础的朋友阅读。
推荐 ： 四星
3.
名称 ： 敏捷软件开发 原则.模式与实践
语言 ： java，少量C++
评论 ： Jolt大奖得主，非常好的一本书，首先讲解了OCP，DIP等基本原则，然后通过几个实际例子讲解模式，论述的十分精彩，我认为是中级图书中最好的一本。
推荐 ： 五星
4.
名称 ： 道法自然
语言 ： C++
评论 ： 国人的精彩原创，相信大家早就听说过，看过。通过FishGUI这个实际项目阐述OO和模式。只是不习惯C++的朋友读起来可能有些障碍。
推荐 ： 五星
5.
名称 ： 模式的乐趣
语言 ： java
评论 ： 很薄的一本小书，通俗易懂，通过三个小例子讲解模式，消遣读物：）
推荐 ： 三星
6.
名称 ： 设计模式初学者指南
语言 ： java
评论 ： 书名严重误导，绝不适合初学者看。作者通过两个项目讲解模式，写的还是不错的。只是作者观点有些偏激，恐怕会引起.net程序员的反感。
推荐 ： 三星
高级： 相信大家也猜的到，所有模式书籍配得上高级的也只有GOF那本了
名称 ： 设计模式 可复用面向对象软件的基础
语言 ： C++， 少量Smalltalk
评论 ： 没什么可说的，大家都清楚：）。除非GOF自己出第二版，否则无法超越。即使没有能力通读也应该买一本作为终极参考
《Head First Design Pattern》真的是本好书吗
强推：《麦田里的守望者》（美/;杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格）《你在天堂里遇见的五个人》（美/;米奇·阿尔博姆）我也不多作介绍了，的确是两本很有启发，很值得一看的小说。
再推荐一本，前几年很火的一部小说，《时间旅行者的妻子》（作者：（美）奥黛丽·尼芬格）这像是一本科幻小说，却洋溢着浓浓的诗意。这像是一本爱情小说，却饱含了信念与时空的哲理。名著神马的，也不推荐了，大家都懂的.
初级C++程序员看完设计模式(《大话设计模式》)之后看什么书对自己的发展比较好呢？希望说的详细点，重谢
1.你语法都吃透了吗？
2.常用类库都熟悉了吗？
3.能写出执行效率很高的代码了吗？
4.能写出安全性很强的多线程代码了吗？
5.你看完大话设计模式，你觉得对你现在的工作有多大帮助呢？
6.你以后是想做底层，做算法，还是做架构呢？
你理解上面的几个问题了吗？
不理解的话我提示一下，只有多看高手写的代码并仿照、发扬才能快速进步。多找点开源软件看看吧。
另外与其他人合作交流也是很重要的。这些不是书能教会的。目前国内教材水平层次不齐，建议还是少看。一定要看的话建议英语原版的PDF，这样可以用GOOGLE翻译中英对照看。具体看什么还得看你喜欢什么方向，这种东西都是在精不在多。喜欢架构的话把设计模式看了吧。薄薄一本书够啃个一两年了
朋友，看完了《大话设计模式》并不能说明任何问题，能否真正将设计模式运用于你的工作和项目当中才是你应该关注的重点。既然你已经看完了入门级的《大话设计模式》，那么我推荐你看一下进阶级的设计模式类书——《Head First Design Patterns》。等你看完这本书，我再推荐一本中高级的书，最后还有一本高级的书。不要急，我相信你看到一定的程度就知道自己的方向了。
工作中如何做好技术积累
古人云：“活到老，学到老。”互联网算是最辛苦的行业之一，“加班”对工程师来说已是“家常便饭”，同时互联网技术又日新月异，很多工程师都疲于应付，叫苦不堪。以至于长期以来流传一个很广的误解：35岁是程序员工作的终点。
如何在繁忙的工作中做好技术积累，构建个人核心竞争力，相信是很多工程师同行都在思考的问题。本文是我自己的一些总结，试图从三个方面来解答：
第一部分阐述了一些学习的原则。任何时候，遵循一些经过检验的原则，都是影响效率的重要因素，正确的方法是成功的秘诀。
提升工作和学习效率的另一个重要因素是释惑和良好心态。第二部分分析了我在工作中碰到和看到的一些典型困惑。
成为优秀的架构师是大部分初中级工程师的阶段性目标。第三部分剖析架构师的能力模型，让大家对目标所需能力有一个比较清晰的认知。
如何学习
在繁忙的工作中，持之以恒、不断学习和进步是一件艰巨的任务，需要坚强的毅力和坚定的决心。如果方法不得当，更是事倍功半。幸好我们的古人和现在哲人已经总结了很多优秀的学习方法论，这里汇总了一些重要原则。遵循这些方法必会对大家的工作学习大有裨益。
贵在坚持
有报道指出，过去几十年的知识量超过之前人类几千年的知识量总和。而计算机领域绝对是当代知识更新最快的领域之一，因此，工程师必须要接受这样一个现实，现在所掌握的深厚知识体系很快就会被淘汰。要想在计算机领域持续做优秀架构师，就必须不停的学习，掌握最新技术。总之，学不可以已。
所谓“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒，水滴石穿，非一日之功”，通往架构师的道路漫长而又艰巨，轻易放弃，则所有付出瞬间付之东流。要想成为优秀的架构师，贵在坚持！
虽然知识更新很快，但是基础理论的变化却非常缓慢。这就是“道”和“象”关系，纵是世间万象，道却万变不离其宗。对于那些非常基础的理论知识，我们需要经常复习，也就是“学而时习之”。
重视实践
古人云：“纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。” 学习领域有所谓721模型：个人的成长70%来自于岗位实践，20%来自向他人学习，10%来自于培训。虽然这种理论存在争议，但对于工程师们来说，按照实践、学习和培训的方式进行重要性排序，大致是不错的。所以重视实践，在实践中成长是最重要的学习原则。
人类的认知有两种：感性认知和理性认知。这两种认知互相不可替代性。实践很大程度来自于感性学习，看书更像是理性学习。以学开汽车做例子，很难想象什么人能够仅仅通过学习书本知识就会开汽车。
书本知识主要是传道——讲述抽象原型，而对其具体应用场景的讲述往往含糊其辞，对抽象原型之间的关系也是浅尝辄止。采用同样精确的语言去描述应用场景和关联关系将会失去重点，让人摸不着头脑。所以，仅仅通过看书来获得成长就像是用一条腿走路。
重视实践，充分运用感性认知潜能，在项目中磨炼自己，才是正确的学习之道。在实践中，在某些关键动作上刻意练习，也会取得事半功倍的效果。
重视交流
牛顿说：“如果说我看得比别人远一些，那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上。”我们需要从别人身上学习。从老师、领导、同事、下属甚至对手身上学习，是快速成长的重要手段。
向老师和领导学习已经是人们生活习惯的一部分了。但是从同事甚至对手那里学习也很重要，因为这些人和我们自身更相似。所以要多多观察，取其所长，弃其所短。对于团队的小兄弟和下属，也要“不耻下问”。
此外，在项目中积极参与具体方案讨论也非常重要。参与者先验感知了相关背景，并且讨论的观点和建议也是综合了发言者多种知识和技能。所以，讨论让参与者能够非常全面，立体地理解书本知识。同时，和高手讨论，他们的观点就会像修剪机剪树枝一样，快速的剪掉自己知识领域里面的疑惑点。
重视总结和输出
工程师在实践中会掌握大量细节，但是，即使掌握了所有细节，却没有深刻的总结和思考，也会陷入到“学而不思则罔”的境地。成长的“量变”来自于对细节的逐渐深入地把控，而真正的“质变”来自于对“道”的更深层次的理解。
将经验输出，接受别人的检验是高层次的总结。这种输出不仅帮助了别人，对自身更是大有裨益。总结的方式有很多，包括组织分享，撰写技术文章等等。当然“日三省吾身”也是不错的总结方式。总之，多多总结，多多分享，善莫大焉！
解答别人的问题也是个人成长的重要手段。有时候，某个问题自己本来不太懂，但是在给别人讲解的时候却豁然开朗。所以，“诲人不倦”利人惠己。
重视规划
凡事预则立，不预则废。对于漫长的学习生涯而言，好的计划是成功的一半。
长期规划
长期规划的实施需要毅力和决心，但是做正确的长期规划还需要高瞻远瞩的眼界、超级敏感的神经和中大奖的运气。对于大部分人来说，长期规划定主要是“定方向”。但遵循如下原则能够减少犯方向性错误的概率：远离日暮西山的行业。
做自己感兴趣的事情。
做有积累的事情。
一边走一边看，切勿一条道走到黑。
短期规划
良好的短期规划应该在生活、成长、绩效和晋升之间取得平衡。大部分公司都会制定一个考核周期——少则一个月，多则一年。所以不妨以考核周期作为短期学习规划周期。本质上，规划是一个多目标优化问题，它有一系列的理论方案，这里不一一细说。基于相关理论，我给出一个简单易行的方案：确定目标优先级。比如：成长、生活、绩效。
确定每个目标的下限。从优化理论的角度来看，这被称为约束。比如绩效必须在一般以上，之前已经规划好的旅行不能更改，必须读完《Effective Java》等等。
优先为下限目标分配足够的资源。比如，事先规划好的旅行需要10天，这10天就必须预算出去。
按照各主目标的顺序依次分配资源。比如，最终分配给学习的时间是10天。
在给定的学习预算下，制定学习目标，要激进。然后给出执行方案。比如，学习目标是掌握基本的统计学知识，并成为Java专家。具体方案为：完成《Effective Java》、《Java Performance》、《Design Pattern》、《Head First Statistics》四本书的阅读。
对规划中的各学习任务按目标优先级进行排序，并最先启动优先级最高的任务。比如，最高优先级是掌握统计理论，那么就要先看《Head First Statistics》。
对于该方案，要注意以下几点：最低目标必须能够轻松达成的目标，否则，从优化理论的角度来讲，该命题无解。比如，类似“半年内完成晋级两次、绩效全部S、从菜鸟成为Java专家”就不太合适作为最低目标。总之，要区分理想和梦想。
主要目标规划必须具备一定的挑战性，需要规划出不可能完成的目标。过度规划本质上是一种贪婪算法，目的是目标价值最大化。因为一切皆有变数，如果其他目标能够提前完成，就不妨利用这些时间去完成更多的学习目标。总之，前途必须光明，道路必须坎坷。
各目标之间不一定共享资源，规划不一定互有冲突。
此外，短期规划还可以从如下几个方面进行优化：学习计划最好能结合工作计划，理论联系实际结合，快速学以致用。比如，本季度规划去做一些数据分析工作，那么不妨把学习目标设置为学习统计知识。
要灵活对待规划的目标和具体执行步骤，需要避免“郑人买履”式的笑话。面临新的挑战和变化，规划需要不断地调整。
那些令人纠结的困惑
人生是一场马拉松，在漫长的征途中，难免有很多困惑。困惑就像枷锁，使我们步履蹒跚，困惑就像死锁，让我们停滞不前。
接下来我将总结自己在工作中碰到和看到的一些典型困惑。这些困惑或者长期困扰作者本人，或者困扰我身边的同事和朋友。当这些困惑被释然之后，大家都感觉如重获释，为下一阶段的征程提供满满的正能量。人生就像一场旅途，不必在乎目的地，在乎的，应该是沿途的风景，以及看风景的心情。良好的心态是技术之旅最好的伴侣。期望通过这个解惑之旅，让大家拥有一个愉快的心情去感受漫长的学习旅途。
学无止境吗
必须要承认一个残酷的现实：人的生命是有限的，知识却是无限的。用有限的生命去学习无限的知识是不可能完成的任务。一想到此，有些工程师不免产生一些悲观情绪。如果方法得当并且足够勤奋，悲伤大可不必。
虽然，人类的整体知识体系一直在扩张。但是就很多重要的工程细分领域，基础理论并不高深。计算机的很多重要领域，工程师有能力在有限时间内抓住核心要害。
比如，密码学被认为是门非常高深的学科，但是一大类密码技术的基础是数论中一个非常简单的理论——素因数分解：给出两个素数，很容易算出它们的积，然而反过来给定两个素数的积，分解的计算量却非常惊人。
“一致性”算得上是计算机领域里面最经典的难题，它是所有分布式系统的基础，从多核多CPU到多线程，从跨机器到跨机房，无所不在，几乎所有的计算机从业人员都在解决这个问题，但是Paxos给出了一个很优雅的解决方案。
权限管理是很多工程师的噩梦，但如果你能搞定“Attribute Based Access Control(ABAC)”和“Role-Based Access Control(RBAC)”，也能达到相当高度。
另外，技术学习是一场对抗赛，虽然学无止境，超越大部分对手就是一种胜利。所以，以正确的学习方式，长时间投入就会形成核心竞争力。
没有绝对高明的技术，只有真正的高手
致力于在技术上有所成就的工程师，都梦想有朝一日成为技术高手。但技术高手的标准却存在很大的争议。这是一个有着悠久历史的误解：以某种技术的掌握作为技术高手的评判标准。我经常碰到这样一些情景：因为掌握了某些技术，比如Spring、Kafka、Elasticsearch等，一些工程师就自封为高手。有些工程师非常仰慕别的团队，原因竟是那个团队使用了某种技术。
这种误解的产生有几个原因：首先，技多不压身，技术自然是掌握的越多越好，掌握很多技术的人自然不是菜鸟。其次，在互联网时代来临之前，信息获取是非常昂贵的事情。这就导致一项技能的掌握可以给个人甚至整个公司带来优势地位。互联网时代，各种框架的出现以及开源的普及快速淘汰或者降低了很多技能的价值，同时降低了很多技术的学习门槛。所以，在当前，掌握某项技能知识只能是一个短期目标。怀揣某些技能就沾沾自喜的人需要记住：骄傲使人退步。
所谓麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。如果让你来做造物主，设计麻雀和设计大象的复杂度并没有明显区别。一个看起来很小的业务需求，为了达到极致，所需要的技术和能力是非常综合和高深的。真正的高手不是拿着所掌握的技术去卡客户需求，而是倾听客户的需求，给出精益求精的方案。完成客户的需求是一场擂台赛，真正的高手，是会见招拆招的。
不做项目就无法成长吗
在项目中学习是最快的成长方式之一，很多工程师非常享受这个过程。但是一年到头都做项目，你可能是在一家外包公司。对于一个做产品的公司，如果年头到年尾都在做项目，要不然就是在初步创业阶段，要不然就是做了大量失败的项目，总之不算是特别理想的状态。正常情况，在项目之间都会有一些非项目时间。在这段时间，有些同学会产生迷茫，成长很慢。
项目真的是越多越好吗？答案显然是否定的。重复的项目不会给工程师们带来新的成长。不停的做项目，从而缺乏学习新知识的时间，会导致“做而不学则殆”。真正让工程师出类拔萃的是项目的深度，而不是不停地做项目。所以，在项目之间的空档期，工程师们应该珍惜难得的喘息之机，深入思考，把项目做深，做精。
如何提高项目的深度呢？一般而言，任何项目都有一个目标，当项目完成后，目标就算基本达成了。但是，客户真的满意了吗？系统的可用性、可靠性、可扩展性、可维护性已经做到极致了吗？这几个问题的答案永远是否定的。所以，任何一个有价值的项目，都可以一直深挖。深挖项目，深度思考还可以锻炼工程师的创造力。期望不停地做项目的人，就像一个致力于训练更多千里马的人是发明不出汽车的。锻炼创造力也不是一蹴而就的事情，需要长时间地思考。总之，工程师们应该总是觉得时间不够用，毕竟时间是最宝贵的资源。
职责真的很小吗
很多时候，一个工程师所负责系统的数量和团队规模与其“江湖地位”正相关。但是，江湖地位与技术成长没有必然关联。提升技术能力的关键是项目深度以及客户的挑剔程度。项目越多，在单个项目中投入的时间就越少，容易陷入肤浅。特别需要避免的是“ 在其位不谋其政”的情况。团队越大，在管理方面需要投入的精力就越多。在管理技巧不成熟，技术眼界不够高的前提强行负责大团队，可能会导致个人疲于应付，团队毫无建树。最终“ 一将无能，累死三军”，效果可能适得其反。
从技术发展的角度来说，技术管理者应该关注自己所能把控的活跃项目的数量，并致力于提高活跃项目的影响力和技术深度。团队人数要与个人管理能力、规划能力和需求把控能力相适应。一份工作让多个人来干，每个人的成长都受限。每个人都做简单重复的工作，对技术成长没有任何好处。团队管理和项目管理需要循序渐进，忌“拔苗助长”。
一定要当老大吗
有一些工程师的人生理想是做团队里的技术老大，这当然是一个值得称赞的理想。可是，如果整个团队技术能力一般，发展潜力一般，而你是技术最强者，这与其说是幸运，不如说是悲哀。这种场景被称之为“武大郎开店”。 团队里的技术顶尖高手不是不能做，但为了能够持续成长，需要满足如下几个条件：首先你得是行业里面的顶尖专家了——实在很难找到比你更强的人了！
其次，你经常需要承担对你自己的能力有挑战的任务，但同时你拥有一批聪明能干的队友。虽然你的技术能力最高，但是在你不熟悉的领域，你的队友能够进行探索并扩展整个团队的知识。
最后，你必须要敏而好学，不耻下问。
否则，加入更强的技术团队或许是更好的选择，最少不是什么值得骄傲的事情。
平台化的传说
平台化算得上是“高大上”的代名词了，很多工程师挤破头就为了和“平台化”沾点边。然而和其他业务需求相比，平台化需求并没有本质上的区别。无论是平台化需求还是普通业务需求，它的价值都来自于客户价值。不同点如下：很多平台化需求的客户来自于技术团队，普通需求的客户来自于业务方。
产品经理不同。普通业务需求来自于产品经理，平台化需求的产品经理可能就是工程师自己。长期被产品经理“压迫”的工程师们，在平台化上终于找到“翻身农奴把歌唱”的感觉。
很多平台化的关注点是接入能力和可扩展性，而普通业务的关注点更多。
归根结底，平台化就是一种普通需求。在实施平台化之前，一定要避免下面两个误区：平台化绝对不是诸如“统一”、“全面”之类形容词的堆砌。是否需要平台化，应该综合考虑：客户数量，为客户解决的问题，以及客户价值是否值得平台化的投入。
平台化不是你做平台，让客户来服务你。一些平台化设计者的规划设计里面，把大量的平台接入工作、脏活累活交给了客户，然后自己专注于所谓“最高大上”的功能。恰恰相反，平台化应该是客户什么都不做，所有的脏活累活都由平台方来做。本质上讲，平台化的价值来自于技术深度。真正体现技术深度的恰恰是设计者能够很轻松的把所有的脏活累活搞定。
所以平台化的最佳实践是：投入最少的资源，解决最多的问题。平台解决一切，客户坐享其成。
搞基础技术就一定很牛吗
经常听到同学们表达对基础技术部同学的敬仰之情，而对搞业务技术的同学表现出很轻视，认为存储、消息队列、服务治理框架（比如美团点评内部使用的OCTO）、Hadoop等才能被称为真正的技术。事实并非如此，更基础的并不一定更高深。
比如下面这个流传很久的段子：越高级的语言就越没有技术含量。但真是这样吗，就拿Java和C来说，这是完全不同的两种语言，所需要的技能完全不同。C或许跟操作系统更加接近一点，和CPU、内存打交道的机会更多一点。但是为了用好Java，程序员在面向对象、设计模式、框架技术方面必须要非常精通。Java工程师转到C方向确实不容易，但作者也见过很多转到Java语言的C工程师水土不服。
基础技术和业务应用技术必然会有不同的关注点，没有高低之分。之所以产生这种误解，有两个原因：基础技术相对成熟，有比较完整的体系，这给人一个高大上的感觉。业务应用技术相对来说，由于每个团队使用的不一样，所以成熟度参差不齐，影响力没有那么大。
基础技术的门槛相对来说高一点，考虑到影响面，对可靠性、可用性等有比较高的最低要求。但是门槛高不代表技术含量高，另外成熟技术相对来说在创新方面会受到很大的约束。但是最先进的技术都来自活跃的创新。
对比下来，业务技术和基础技术各有千秋。但真正的高手关注的是解决问题，所有的技术都是技能而已。
可行性调研的那些坑
工作中开展可行性调研时有发生。做可行性调研要避免如下情况：把可行性调研做成不可行性调研。这真的非常糟糕。不可行性的结论往往是：因为这样或者那样的原因，所以不可行。
避免“老鼠给猫挂铃铛”式的高风险可行性方案。“天下大事必作于细”，可行性调研一定要细致入微，避免粗枝大叶。
避免调研时间过长。如果发现调研进展进入到指数级复杂度，也就是每前进一步需要之前两倍的时间投入，就应该果断的停止调研。
可行性调研的结论应该是收益与成本的折衷，格式一般如下：首先明确预期的结果，并按照高中低收益进行分级。
阐述达成每种预期结果需要采取的措施和方案。
给出实施各方案需要付出的成本。
工程师天生不善沟通吗
实际工作中，沟通所导致的问题层出不穷。工程师有不少是比较内向的，总是被贴上“不善沟通”的标签。实际上，沟通能力是工程师最重要的能力之一，良好的沟通是高效工作学习的基础，也是通过学习可以掌握的。下面我按工程师的语言说说沟通方面的经验。
第一类常见的问题是沟通的可靠性。从可靠性的角度来讲，沟通分为TCP模式和UDP模式。TCP模式的形象表述是：我知道你知道。UDP模式的形象表述是：希望你知道。TCP模式当然比较可靠，不过成本比较高，UDP模式成本低，但是不可靠。在沟通可靠性方面，常见错误有如下两种：经常听到的这样的争论。一方说：“我已经告诉他了”，另一方说：“我不知道这个事情呀”。把UDP模式被当作TCP模式来使用容易产生扯皮。
过度沟通。有些同学对沟通的可靠性产生了过度焦虑，不断的重复讨论已有结论问题。把TCP模式当成UDP来使用，效率会比较低。
第二类沟通问题是时效性问题。从时效性讲，沟通分为：同步模式和异步模式。同步沟通形象地说就是：你现在给我听好了。异步沟通的形象表述是：记得给我做好了。在沟通时效性方面，有如下两种常见错误：已经出现线上事故，紧急万分。大家你一言，我一语，感觉事故可能和某几个人有关，但是也不能完全确定，所以没有通知相关人员。最终，一个普通的事故变成了严重事故。对于紧急的事情，必须要同步沟通。
半夜三点你正在熟睡，或者周末正在逛街，接到一个电话：“现在有个需求，能否立刻帮忙做完。”这会非常令人郁闷，因为那并不是紧急的事情。不是所有的需求都需要立刻解决。
有效沟通的一个重要原则是提前沟通。沟通本质是信息交流和处理，可以把被沟通对象形象地比喻成串行信息处理的CPU。提前沟通，意味着将处理请求尽早放入处理队列里面。下面的例子让很多工程师深恶痛绝：一个需求策划了1个月，产品设计了2周。当开发工程是第一次听说该需求的时候，发现开发的时间是2天。工程师据理力争，加班加点1周搞定。最后的结论是工程师非常不给力，不配合。就像工程师讨厌类似需求一样。要协调一个大项目，希望获得别人的配合，也需要尽早沟通。
有效沟通的另外一个重点是“不要跑题”。很多看起来很接近的问题，本质上是完全不同的问题。比如：一个会议的主题是“如何实施一个方案”，有人却可能提出“是否应该实施该方案”。 “如何实施”和“是否应该实施”是完全不同的两个问题，很多看起来相关的问题实际上跑题很远。“跑题”是导致无效沟通的重要原因。
良好沟通的奥秘在于能掌握TCP模式和UDP模式精髓，正确判断问题的紧急性，尽量提前沟通，避免跑题。
带人之道
有些初为导师的工程师由于担心毕业生的能力太弱，安排任务时候谆谆教诲，最后感觉还是有所顾虑，干脆自己写代码。同样的事情发生在很多刚刚管理小团队的工程师身上。最终的结果他们：写完所有的代码，让下属无代码可写。“ 事必躬亲”当然非常糟糕，最终的往往是团队的整体绩效不高，团队成员的成长很慢，而自己却很累。
古人说：“用人不疑，疑人不用。”这句话并非“放之四海而皆准”。在古代，受限于通信技术，反馈延迟显著，而且信息在传递过程中有大量噪音，变形严重。在这种情况下，如果根据短期内收集的少量变形的信息做快速决断，容易陷于草率。在公司里，这句话用于选人环节更为恰当，应该改为：录用不疑，疑人不录。
考虑到招聘成本，就算是在录用层面，有时候也无法做到。作为一个小团队的管理者，能够快速准确的获取团队成员的各种反馈信息，完全不需要“用人不疑，疑人不用”。用人的真正理论基础来自于“探索和利用”(Exploration and Exploitation )。不能因为下属能做什么就只让他做什么，更不能因为下属一次失败就不给机会。
根据经典的“探索和利用”(Exploration and Exploitation )理论，良好的用人方式应该如下：首选选择相信，在面临失败后，收缩信任度。
查找失败的原因，提供改进意见，提升下属的能力。
总是给下属机会，在恰当地时机给下属更高的挑战。 总之，苍天大树来自一颗小种子，要相信成长的力量。
效率、效率、效率
经常看到有些同学给自己的绩效评分是100分——满分，原因是在过去一段时间太辛苦了，但最终的绩效却一般般。天道酬勤不错，但是天道更酬巧。工程师们都学过数据结构，不同算法的时间复杂度的差距，仅仅通过更长的工作时间是难以弥补的。为了提升工作学习效率，我们需要注意以下几点：主要关注效率提升。很多时候，与效率提升所带来的收益相比，延长时间所带来的成果往往不值得一提。
要有清晰的结果导向思维。功劳和苦劳不是一回事。
做正确的事情，而不仅仅正确地做事情。这是一个被不断提起的话题，但是错误每天都上演。为了在规定的时间内完成一个大项目，总是要有所取舍。如果没有重点，均匀发力，容易事倍功半。如果“南辕北辙”，更是可悲可叹。
架构师能力模型
前面我们已经讲完了原则和一些困惑，那么工程师到底应该怎么提升自己呢？
成为优秀的架构师是大部分初中级工程师的阶段性目标。优秀的架构师往往具备七种核心能力：编程能力、调试能力、编译部署能力、性能优化能力、业务架构能力、在线运维能力、项目管理能力和规划能力。
这几种能力之间的关系大概如下图。编程能力、调试能力和编译部署能力属于最基础的能力。不能精通掌握这三种能力，很难在性能优化能力和业务架构能力方面有所成就。具备了一定的性能优化能力和业务架构能力之后，才能在线运维能力和项目管理能力方面表现优越。团队管理能力是最高能力，它对项目管理能力的依赖度更大。
请问怎么样才能把下面的书籍看懂？没有计算机基础能看懂吗？如果要计算机基础那计算机的基础是什么？？？
其实可能还是看的懂，但我必须的告诉你，你最好再看一门关于内存寻址的书。还有就是学会画流程图。但是我看你这些书都比较杂。既有有程序编写网页的，也有编写操作系统的，也有编写游戏的。本人建议，你最好先学会一种语言。因为程序的大部分思路是一样的。但是你这样可能会搞混。他们不同的只是程序格式。你最好先学C语言，因为这样是最基础的，而且大部会程序的，都是先从C语言学起走的。
一切靠自己
是
一、完全明白书里面的说的是什么，而且要能够在计算机上实现一边，并能够将这些部分应用就算看懂了；
二、没有计算机基础能看不懂；
三、计算机的基础是：计算机的使用原理，构成原理等等；
你可以将一下基础做好，就可以具备计算机原理了。包括：英语、高等数学、计算机应用基础、计算机原理、统计学、微积分、信息与系统、C/C++ 语言、汇编语言、数据结构、数字电路实验、操作系统、数据库原理、计算机网络、编译原理、软件工程、微机原理与接口技术等等，你要完全掌握，并具有英语完全的听、说、写的能力。
祝你成功！！
芭比中的每一集主题曲和里面的插曲！知道的进
请参考此贴：
http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=502539510
英语电影术语
英语电影术语：
Film industry 电影工业
cinematograph 电影摄影机, 电影放映机
cinema, pictures 电影院 (美作:movie theater)
first-run cinema 首轮影院
second-run cinema 二轮影院
art theatre 艺术影院
continuous performance cinema 循环场电影院
film society 电影协会,电影俱乐部 (美作:film club)
film library 电影资料馆
premiere 首映式
film festival 电影节
distributor 发行人
Board of Censors 审查署
shooting schedule 摄制计划
censor’s certificate 审查级别
release 准予上映
banned film 禁映影片
A-certificate A级(儿童不宜)
U-certificate U级
X-certificate X级(成人级)
direction 导演
production 制片
adaptation 改编
scenario, screenplay, script 编剧
scene 场景
exterior 外景
lighting 灯光
shooting 摄制
to shoot 拍摄
dissolve 渐隐,化入,化出
fade-out 淡出
fade-in 淡入
special effects 特技
slow motion 慢镜头
editing, cutting 剪接
montage 剪辑
recording, sound recording 录音
sound effects 音响效果
mix, mixing 混录
dubbing 配音
postsynchronization 后期录音合成
studio 制片厂,摄影棚
(motion)film studio 电影制片厂
set, stage, floor 场地
dolly 移动式摄影小车
spotlight 聚光灯
clapper boards 拍板
microphone 麦克风,话筒
scenery 布景电影摄制filming shooting
camera 摄影机
shooting angle 拍摄角度
high angle shot 俯拍
long shot 远景
full shot 全景
close-up, close shot 特写,近景
medium shot 中景
background 背景
three-quarter shot 双人近景pan 摇镜头
frame, picture 镜头
still 静止
double exposure 两次曝光
superimposition 叠印
exposure meter 曝光表
printing 洗印
影片类型films types
film, motion picture 影片,电影 (美作:movie)
newsreel 新闻片,纪录片
documentary (film) 记录片,文献片
filmdom 电影界
literary film 文艺片
musicals 音乐片
comedy 喜剧片
tragedy 悲剧片
dracula movie 恐怖片
sowordsmen film 武侠片
detective film 侦探片
ethical film 伦理片
affectional film 爱情片
erotic film 黄色片
western movies 西部片
film d’avant-garde 前卫片
serial 系列片
trailer 预告片
cartoon (film) 卡通片,动画片
footage 影片长度
full-length film, feature film 长片
short(film) 短片
colour film 彩色片 (美作:color film)
silent film 默片,无声片
dubbed film 配音复制的影片,译制片
silent cinema, silent films 无声电影
sound motion picture, talkie 有声电影
cinemascope, CinemaScope 西涅玛斯科普型立体声宽银幕电影,变形镜头式宽银幕电影
cinerama, Cinerama 西涅拉玛型立体声宽银幕电影,全景电影
title 片名
original version 原著
dialogue 对白
subtitles, subtitling 字幕
credits, credit titles 对原作者及其他有贡献者的谢启和姓名
telefilm 电视片
演员actors
cast 阵容
film star, movie star 电影明星
star, lead 主角
double, stand-in 替身演员
stunt man 特技替身演员
extra, walker-on 临时演员
character actor 性格演员
regular player 基本演员
extra 特别客串
film star 电影明星
film actor 男电影明星
film actress 女电影明星
support 配角
util 跑龙套
工作人员technicians
adapter 改编
scenarist, scriptwriter 脚本作者
dialogue writer 对白作者
production manager 制片人
producer 制片主任
film director 导演
assistant director 副导演,助理导演
cameraman, set photographer 摄影师
assistant cameraman 摄影助理
property manager, propsman 道具员
art director 布景师 (美作:set decorator)
stagehand 化装师
lighting engineer 灯光师
film cutter 剪辑师
sound engineer, recording director 录音师
script girl, continuity girl 场记员
scenario writer, scenarist 剧作家
放映projection
reel, spool (影片的)卷,本
sound track 音带,声带
showing, screening, projection放映
projector 放映机
projection booth, projection room 放映室
panoramic screen 宽银幕
扩展资料：
经典的英文电影
一.《歌舞青春》（High School Musical）
本片在美播出后迅速走红，引爆了具有轰动性的跨娱乐平台、跨越国际市场的全球青年新文化潮流。2006年1月美国首播，随即引爆炫风，电视收视长红，缔造新纪录。获得艾美奖6项提名，并拿下两项大奖(最佳儿童节目、最佳舞蹈编排)。此外还获得2006年全美青少年票选3项大奖。
二.《海上钢琴师》（The Legend of 1900）
本片讲述了一个钢琴天才传奇的一生。1900年，Virginian号豪华邮轮上，一个孤儿被遗弃在头等舱，由船上的水手抚养长大，取名1900。
1900慢慢长大，显示了出了无师自通的非凡钢琴天赋，在船上的乐队表演钢琴，每个听过他演奏的人，都被深深打动。爵士乐鼻祖杰尼听说了1900的高超技艺，专门上船和他比赛，最后自叹弗如，黯然离去。可惜，这一切的事情都发生在海上，1900从来不愿踏上陆地，直到有一天，他爱上了一个女孩，情愫在琴键上流淌。
他会不会为了爱情，踏上陆地开始新的生活，用他的琴声惊艳世界？他将怎样谱写自己非凡的人生？
三.《风雨哈佛路》（Homeless to Harvard）
贫穷和负面的童年经验，并没有让她变坏或者失去希望，隐隐约约之中，她一直都知道，在她生长的环境之外，其它人所过的，是很不一样的生活。而她知道，只有想办法脱离现在的环境，才有可能到那个新世界去。
四.《心灵捕手》（Good Will Hunting）
麻省理工学院的数学教授蓝波公布了一道困难的数学题，却被年轻的清洁工威尔（马特·戴蒙 饰）解了出来。可是威尔却是个问题少年，成天和好朋友查克（本·阿弗莱特 饰）等人四处闲逛，打架滋事。
当蓝波找到这个天才的时候，他正因为打架袭警被法庭宣判送进看守所。蓝波向法官求情保释，才使他免于牢狱之灾。
五.《肖申克的救赎》（The Shawshank Redemption）
本片的主题是“希望”，在牢狱题材电影中突破了类型片的限制，拍出了同类作品罕见的人情味和温馨感觉。时至今日，本片在国内外各大电影网站的电影排行中始终稳坐前十。
六.《阿甘正传》（Forrest Gump）
阿甘（汤姆·汉克斯 饰）于二战结束后不久出生在美国南方阿拉巴马州一个闭塞的小镇，他先天弱智，智商只有75，然而他的妈妈是一个性格坚强的女性，她常常鼓励阿甘“傻人有傻福”，要他自强不息。
阿甘像普通孩子一样上学，并且认识了一生的朋友和至爱珍妮（罗宾·莱特·潘 饰），在珍妮和妈妈的爱护下，阿甘凭着上帝赐予的“飞毛腿”开始了一生不停的奔跑。
阿甘成为橄榄球巨星、越战英雄、乒乓球外交使者、亿万富翁，但是，他始终忘不了珍妮，几次匆匆的相聚和离别，更是加深了阿甘的思念。有一天，阿甘收到珍妮的信，他们终于又要见面。
七.《美丽人生》（ Life is Beautiful）
二次世界大战期间的意大利，由罗伯托·贝里尼(Roberto Benigni)饰演的小人物─基多，来到图斯坎尼小镇追求他的理想与爱情，全然不顾法西斯主义之下的政府管制，在这里他与小学老师桃拉坠入情网。几年后，他们拥有了一个小男孩─约书亚，而基多也开了一间书店。
但好景不常，在法西斯主义政府统治下，一家人失散，被关入集中营，爸爸和儿子关在一起，妈妈则被关在另外一处，在残酷无比的集中营里，爸爸以玩游戏的方式让儿子仍保有童年的快乐与天真。最后，爸爸牺牲了自己，死于纳粹的枪下，而儿子回到妈妈身边。
《美丽人生》最引人入胜之处，在于它以诙谐的方式看待无情的战争。在该片里，我们见识到战争的可怕，看见了人们的无助，却也看到了有人以幽默的态度自处。
八.《幸福终点站》（The Terminal）
故事发生在上个世纪80年代末，维克多(汤姆·汉克斯 饰)是一个斯洛文尼亚人，为了逃避祖国的战乱，他决定移民美国，带着简单的行李买了飞往美国的机票。
当他在终点站纽约的肯尼迪机场下机准备出机场时，却被拦了下来。原来，他的祖国发生了政变，而且还成为了美国的敌对国！维克多的护照和身份证件，以及移民文件都全都失去了效用，他被扣在了机场。瞬时间，维克多成了一个没国没家的孤立的人，他成为国际政治变化的牺牲品。在被扣在机场期间，维克多只有两个选择：要么返回祖国，可是他的国家政变后，已经不再承认办理了移民手续的他是国民；要么拿到有效的证件，进入移民的美国，但他的证件显然已经失效而且再也无法补回了。
站在这个不属于自己的国家，看着来来往往陌生的人群，维克多不禁感到迷茫。无奈之下，他只能留在机场睡在大厅的椅子上，在卫生间里洗澡，靠为路过的乘客服务生活。他现在拥有的只有自己不自由的身体，以及一个小皮箱，里面装着换洗的衣服、一把剃须刀和已经作费的身份证明。一次偶然的机会下，维克多认识了一名美丽空姐艾米丽娅(凯瑟琳·泽塔·琼斯 饰)。艾米丽娅开始很同情维克多的遭遇，帮他介绍些小工作和与机场交涉关系，慢慢的她爱上了这个细腻而憨厚的男人。
一场“塞翁失马”的际遇就这样上演了。维克多在这个机场邂逅了美国的一切，也邂逅了属于他的幸福。
九.《死亡诗社》Dead Poets Society
1959年，威尔顿预备学院以它凝重的风格受到了当时人们的尊敬。在那里，教育的模式是固定的，不仅单调而且束缚了思想。然而这一切在一个新教师的手中发生了改变。
John Keating 反传统的教育方法给学院带来了一丝生气：在他的课堂里，他鼓励学生站在课桌上，用一个崭新的视角去观察周围的世界；他向学生介绍了许多有思想的诗歌；他所提倡的自由发散式的思维哲学在学生中引起了巨大的反响。
渐渐地，一些人接受了他，开始勇敢地面对每一天，把握他们自己的人生。不幸也在这时发生了......
十.《追风筝的人》 （The Kite Runner）
阿富汗富家少爷阿米尔（Zekeria Ebrahim饰演）与仆人哈桑（Ahmad Khan Mahmidzada饰演）情同手足。在阿米尔受别人欺负的时候总是哈桑站出来保护他，尽管哈桑比他还要瘦弱。
在一次盛大的风筝大会上，阿米尔和哈桑一路过关斩将取得了第一名的好成绩。两个少年都十分开心。 哈桑也兴奋的朝最后一个“战利品”追去。但在途中哈桑却被一伙不良少年堵截在小巷中蹂躏强暴，尾随哈桑的阿米尔目睹了发生在哈桑身上的一切，却没有勇气站出来保护哈桑而眼睁睁的看着哈桑被他们强暴。
阿米尔却从此背上了沉重的心理包袱。再也无法面对哈桑的他为了永远躲开那熟悉的目光，在一天借口陷害哈桑父子俩偷东西，把他们赶出了自家的大门。
随着战争的爆发，阿米尔跟父亲去了美国。在那里他和父亲一道辛勤的工作学习，从一无所有逐渐建立了他们的家业。然而，拉辛汗从阿富汗打来的一个电话却打破了所有的平静。
阿米尔意识到过去的从来都未曾过去。他始终无法摆脱对哈桑的歉疚。为了赎罪，为了哈桑，他再次踏上睽违二十多年的故 土。希望能为不幸的好友尽最后一点心力。然而此行却让他发现了一个惊天的谎言......
英语电影的术语：
Condensed：浓缩的
Box office：票房
Horror film：恐怖片
Equipment：设备
Stock：胶片
Clash：冲突
Violence：暴力
Emphasize：强调
Innovative：创新的
Concept：看法
Unique：独一无二的
Valid：有根据的、有效的
Curiosity：好奇心
Lyrical：抒情的、煽情的
Associate with：使联合
Plot：情节
Narrative：叙事
Pattern：模式、方式
Conflict：冲突
Hint：暗示
Essence：本质
Guild：协会
Perform：表演
Dramatic：戏剧的
Approval：赞同、认可
Zoom lens：变焦镜头
Perspective：透视的
Focal length：焦距
Composition of a picture：构图
Distinctly：明显地
Track：轨道
Truck：轨道车
Dolly in/out 推/拉
Boom：吊杆
New Wave：新浪潮
Key light：主光
Fill light：辅助光
Hair light：头发光
Eye light：眼神光
Rim light：轮廓光
Hard light：硬光
Soft light：软光
Front light：正面光
Back light：逆光
Top light：顶光
Side light：侧光
Underlighting：底光照明
Low-key lighting：低调照明
High lighting contrast：高对比光
Black-and-white：黑白
Dark shadow：阴影
Highlight：高光
Overlight areas：高光区
Rule of thumb：经验法则
Outstanding：杰出的
Censorship：审查制度
Exterior：外景
Extra：临时演员
Logical：符合逻辑的
Poster：海报
Project：投影
Studio：摄影棚
Spotlight：聚光灯
Musicals：音乐片
Detective film：侦探片
Western film：西部片
Romance film：爱情片
Action film：动作片
Science fiction film：科幻片
Crime film：犯罪片
Drama：剧情片
Adventure film：冒险片
Thriller film：惊悚片
Suspense film：悬疑片
Disaster film：灾难片
Kungfu film：功夫片
Comedy：喜剧
Tragedy：悲剧
Literary film：文艺片
拓展资料
电影语言是电影艺术在传达和交流信息中所使用的各种特殊媒介、方式和手段的统称。即电影用以认识和反映客观世界、传递思想感情的特殊艺术语言。它以现代科学技术提供的一定的物质条件为基础，其演进与电影技术的进步有密切联系。
参考资料
百度百科_电影语言
电影的一些基本术语如下：
剧组成员：Adviser：制片顾问Art designer：美术设计Cameraman/lensman：电影摄影师Camera operator：摄影助理Clapper boy/girl：场记
Director：导演Director of photography:摄影指导Editor：剪辑Prop man：道具Lead person：主角
Makeup expert：化妆师Producer：制片人Production manager：制片主任Recordist：录音员Sound mixer：录音师
Screenwriter：编剧Set decorator：置景员Key grip：置景师Production supervisor：监制Steadicam operator：斯坦尼康操作员
Subdirector：副导演Voice casting：配音Titlist：字幕员Voter：评委Film crew：摄制组
Lighting engineer：灯光师Production designer：总美术师Production assistant：制片助理Supporting player：配角Photography unit：摄制组
Distributor：发行人Adaptation：改编制作流程：Postproduction：后期制作Credit：演职员表Montage：蒙太奇Suspense：悬念
Screenplay/script：剧本
Outline：大纲
First-draft script：剧本初稿Fiction film：故事片Rough cut：粗剪
Fine cut：精剪
Grants：资助金Location：外景场地
Documentary：纪录片Promote：推销、宣传Costume：服装Makeup：化妆
Prop：道具Set design：布景设计Production still：剧照Storyboard：分镜头
Lighting：照明Boost morale：提振士气Modify：修改Artificial lighting：人工照明
Interior：内景Action：开拍Cut：停拍Headphone：耳机
High angle shot：俯拍
Close-up：特写
Bust shot：近景Middle shot：中景
Full shot：全景Long shot：远景Fade-in：淡入Fade-out：淡出
Tempo：节奏Cover shot：备用镜头Theme：主题Slow motion：慢镜头
Pan：摇镜头Exposure：曝光Depth of fild：景深Out of focus：虚焦Follow focus：跟焦
Special effect：特效Genre：类型片In the can：杀青Setting：场景Trailer：预告片术语：Condensed：浓缩的Box office：票房Horror film：恐怖片Equipment：设备
Stock：胶片Clash：冲突Violence：暴力Emphasize：强调Innovative：创新的
Concept：看法Unique：独一无二的Valid：有根据的、有效的Curiosity：好奇心
Lyrical：抒情的、煽情的Associate with：使联合Plot：情节Narrative：叙事
Pattern：模式、方式Conflict：冲突Hint：暗示Essence：本质
Guild：协会Perform：表演Dramatic：戏剧的Approval：赞同、认可
Zoom lens：变焦镜头Perspective：透视的Focal length：焦距
Composition of a picture：构图Distinctly：明显地Track：轨道Truck：轨道车
Dolly：轨道车Dolly in/out 推/拉Boom：吊杆New Wave：新浪潮
Key light：主光Fill light：辅助光Hair light：头发光Eye light：眼神光
Rim light：轮廓光Hard light：硬光Soft light：软光Front light：正面光
Back light：逆光Top light：顶光Side light：侧光Underlighting：底光照明
Low-key lighting：低调照明High lighting contrast：高对比光Black-and-white：黑白Dark shadow：阴影
Highlight：高光Overlight areas：高光区Rule of thumb：经验法则Outstanding：杰出的
Censorship：审查制度Exterior：外景Extra：临时演员Logical：符合逻辑的
Poster：海报Project：投影Studio：摄影棚Spotlight：聚光灯Musicals：音乐片
Detective film：侦探片Western film：西部片Romance film：爱情片War film：战争片Action film：动作片Science fiction film：科
幻片Crime film：犯罪片
Drama：剧情片Adventure film：冒险片Thriller film：惊悚片Suspense film：悬疑片
Disaster film：灾难片Kungfu film：功夫片Comedy：喜剧Tragedy：悲剧Literary film：文艺片
扩展资料：电影语言是电影艺术在传达和交流信息中所使用的各种特殊媒介、方式和手段的统称。即电影用以认识和反映客观世界、传递思想感情的特殊艺术语言。它以现代科学技术提供的一定的物质条件为基础，其演进与电影技术的进步有密切联系。
参考资料：电影语言
aesthetic distance审美距离。观众区别艺术现实与客观现实的能力，观众对故事片中的事件均为虚构的理解。aleatory techniques抓拍技术。依靠机会因素的一种电影摄制技术。形象不事先设计，而必须由摄影师在现场创作。通常用于拍摄纪录片。allegory暗示。一种象征性技术，以风格化的人物和情景来表现相当明显的观念，例如公正、死亡、宗教和社会等等。allusion提示、引喻。提及通常众所周知的事件、人物或艺术作品。angle角度。摄影机相对于拍摄对象的视角。俯拍镜头拍自对象上方，仰拍镜头则在对象下方拍摄。animation动画。摄制电影的一种类型，其特点是逐格拍摄不动的物体或单幅的图画，每格稍稍不同于前一格，当这些图像以每秒24格的标准速度放映时，物体或图画看上去好像在动，因此似乎是“有生命的”。anticipatory camera, anticipatory setup预期镜头。事先恰当安排摄影机以等待某一动作的发生。这种镜头往往表示某种命定的东西。art director美工师。负责设计和检查电影的布景（有时包括其内部装饰和整体视觉风格）的人。aspect ratio画幅宽高比。银幕的宽度与高度的比例。available lighting现有光，可用光。只利用现场实际存在的光线，或自然光（太阳）或人工光（室内电灯下认在内景中使用现有光时通常也必须使用快速感光胶卷。又少 Bback lot外景地。制片厂时代诸如世纪之交时的城市街区、边境小镇和欧洲村庄等普通场所的常备外景。bird’s-eye view鸟瞰。摄影机直接从上方拍摄。blimp隔音罩。消除摄影机马达噪音的隔音，使声音可以清晰地记录下来。blocking限制动作。演员在一特定表演区内的运动。boom，mike boom话筒架、吊杆。吊在头顶上携带话筒的可伸缩支架。可供同期录音而不会限制演员的活动。 Cclose-up，close shot特写镜头，近景。coverage，covering shots，cover shots备选镜头，备用镜头。crane shot升降机拍摄的镜头creative producer制片人。cross-cutting交叉剪辑。Dday-for-night shooting白昼拍摄夜景。deep-focus shot深焦距镜头。dissolve, lap dissolve化，化入、化出。distributor发行人。dolly shot，tracking shot，trucking shot移动车拍摄的镜头，dominant contrast, dominant主要对比。Eediting剪辑。establishing shot基调镜头。。extreme close-up大特写镜头。extreme long shot大全景镜头。eye-level shot平视镜头。 Ffast motion快动作镜头。fast stock，fast film快速感光胶片。figurative comparisons借喻的比较。filters滤色镜。final cut，release print终剪，发行拷贝。first cut，rough cut初剪，粗剪。first-person point of view主观镜头。见point-ofview shot。flashback闪回。flash-forward闪前、预叙。focus焦点，焦距。footage尺数。曝光的胶卷。f-stop光圈。 Ggauge标准宽度。 Hhandheld shot手提摄影镜头。high-angle shot俯拍镜头。从上向下拍摄对象的镜头。high contrast高反差。事片。high key高调，亮调。Iintercut插入镜头。见cross-cutting。iris可变光阑、膜片、遮片。 Jjump-cut 跳切。镜头之间的突然过渡，有时是故的，不受空间和时间的连续性的限制。 Kkeylight主光。一个镜头的主要照明光kinetic动力学的。与动作和运动有关的。 Llengthy take，long take长镜头。持续时间很长的镜头。Mmasking挡板，用蔽光框拍摄。master比of主镜头，主导镜头。matte shot遮片合成mediumshot中景镜头。metteur en scene场面调度者。miniatures，model或miniature shots模型布景，或缩微景镜头mise en scene场面调度。mix合成。 Nnegative image负像。nonsynchronous sound非同期声。 Ooblique angle, tilt shot斜侧角度，倾斜镜头。Ppan，panning shot摇镜头。parallel editing平行剪辑。见cross-cuttipixil I ation，stop-motion photography延时摄影。point-of-view shot，pov shot，first-person camera，subjective camera视点镜头，主观视点镜头。process shot，rear projection背景放映合成，productor-director制片人兼导演。prop小道具proxemic patterns 距离模式。Rrack focusing，selective focusing选择调焦。reaction shot反应镜头。reestablishing shot再定位镜头。reprinting叠印。reverse angle shot反打镜头。reverse motion反转动作。rough cut初剪，粗剪。rushes, dailies工作样片。Sscene场面，一场戏。script, screenplay，scenario电影剧本。selective focus选择调焦。见rack focusing。sequence shot，plan-sequence段落镜头。setup机位。shooting ratio片比。shooting script分镜头剧本。short lens短焦距透镜。见wide-angle lens。shot镜头。slow motion慢动作。slow stock，slow film慢速感光胶片。soft focus柔焦．stock生胶片。storyboard，storyboarding情节示图。story values剧情价值。studio制片厂，摄影棚。subjective camera主观镜头。subtext潜台词。swish pan，flash，zip pan甩、闪（摇）。symbol，symbol is象征，象征性的。synchronous sound同期录音。 Ttake备用镜头。three shot三人镜头。tilt，tilt shot俯仰拍。见oblique angle。tracking shot，trucking shot移动镜头。见dollyshot。two shot双人镜头。Vvertical integration垂直联合。viewfinder取景器。voice-over画外音。 Wwide-angle lens，short一ens广角透镜，短焦距透镜。widescreen, cinemascope, sco碑宽银幕。Zzoom lens，zoom shot变焦距镜头。
SQUIB 枪击效果
STAR SYSTEM 明星制度
STILLS 剧照
STRAIGHT MAN 搭档谐星
STRUCTURAL FILM，PERCEPTUAL FILM 结构电影，知觉电影
STUDIO FILM 片厂电影
STUNTMAN 特技演员
SUBJECTIVE TIME 主观时间
SUBTITLES 翻译字幕
SUN GUN 太阳灯
SUSPENSE FILM 悬疑片
SCORE 配乐
SCREEN 银幕
SCREEN TEST 试镜
SENSURROUND 临场音响
SHOOTING RATIO 拍摄比例
SLOW MOTION 慢动作
SOFT FOCUS 柔焦
SOURCE MUSIC 现场音乐
SPLIT-SCREEN PROCESS SPOTLIGNT 聚光灯
STEADICAM 摄影机稳定器
STOCK FOOTAGE 资料片
STORY BOARD 画面分镜剧本
STORY EDITOR 编审
SUBJECTIVE SHOT 主观镜头
TAKE 镜次
TECHNICOLOR 特艺彩色
TEXT 本文
TRACKS 移动车轨道
TRANSITION 转场
TYPECASTING 类型选角
TAIL 尾片白片
TEASER 片头，
TIMING 动作时机
TITLES 字幕
TREATMENT 故事剧本
UPSTAGE 后表演区
VIEWFINDER 观景窗
VOICE OVER 旁白
WALK ON 龙套演员
WALK-THROUGH 试戏
WIPE 划接
ZOOM SHOT 伸缩镜头
电影工作人员称谓：director 导演 assistant director 副导演,助理导演 producer 制片人 playwright 编剧cameraman 摄影师 assistant cameraman 摄影助理 stagehand 舞台工作人员
lightingengineer 灯光师 prop man 道具员 art director 布景师 film cutter 剪辑师sound engineer 录音师 script holder 场记员 distributor 发行人 cast 演员阵容 film star 电影明星 leading role 主角 supporting role 配角
guest player 客串 stuntman 特技替身演员 extra 临时演员 lighting 舞台灯 property 道具 special effects 特技 slow motion 慢镜头 editting 剪辑 sound recording 录音sound effects 音响效果 mixing 混录 dubbing 配音
电影专业词汇：
Film industry 电影工业 cinematograph 电影摄影机, 电影放映机 cinema, pictures 电影院 (美作:movie theater) first-run cinema 首轮影院 second-run cinema 二轮影院art theatre 艺术影院 continuous performance cinema 循环场电影院
shooting schedule 摄制计划 censor’s certificate 审查级别 release 准予上映banned film 禁映影片 A-certificate A级(儿童不宜) U-certificate U级 X-certificate X级(成人级)direction 导演 production 制片 adaptation 改编 scenario, screenplay, script 编剧 scene 场景 exterior 外景 lighting 灯光 shooting 摄制 to shoot 拍摄
dissolve 渐隐,化入,化出 fade-out 淡出 fade-in 淡入 special effects 特技 slow motion 慢镜头 diting, cutting 剪接 montage 剪辑
recording, sound recording 录音 sound effects 音响效果 mix, mixing 混录 dubbing 配音 postsynchronization 后期录音合成 studio 制片厂,摄影棚 (motion)film studio 电影制片厂 set, stage, floor 场地 dolly 移动式摄影小车spotlight 聚光灯 clapper boards 拍板
八大影业已成一种俗语，指的是好莱坞的主流片商，真正称的上“大”的目前只有6家，也就是美国电影协会（MPAA）目前的6个成员：索尼影业（Sony/Columbia）(包括米高梅（MGM/UA）)，福克斯（20th Century Fox）、迪斯尼（Disney/Buena Vista）、华纳（Warner Bros.）、派拉蒙（Paramount）、环球（Universal）。
拓展资料：
电影，是由活动照相术和幻灯放映术结合发展起来的一种连续的影像画面，是一门视觉和听觉的现代艺术，也是一门可以容纳戏剧、摄影、绘画、音乐、舞蹈、文字、雕塑、建筑等多种艺术的现代科技与艺术的综合体。
但它又具有独自的特征，电影在艺术表现力上不但具有其它各种艺术的特征，又因可以运用蒙太奇（法语：Montage）这种艺术性突跃的电影组接技巧，具有超越其它一切艺术的表现手段，而且影片可以大量复制放映，随着现代社会的发展，电影已深入到人类社会生活的方方面面，是人们日常生活不可或缺的一部分。百度百科—电影
关于电影的类型：documentary (film) 记录片,文献片、literary film 文艺片、musicals 音乐片、comedy 喜剧片、dracula movie 恐怖片
documentary (film) 记录片,文献片：纪录片是以真实生活为创作素材，以真人真事为表现对象，并对其进行艺术的加工与展现的，以展现真实为本质，并用真实引发人们思考的电影或电视艺术形式。
literary film 文艺片：文学艺术影片的简称。文学性和艺术性并存，区别于商业电影。
musicals 音乐片：音乐片是类型片的一种，指以音乐生活为题材或音乐在其中占有很大比重的影片。
comedy 喜剧片：喜剧片指以笑激发观众爱憎的影片。
dracula movie 恐怖片：“恐怖片”是以制造恐怖为目的的一种影片。
扩展资料：
演职人员名称：assistant cameraman 摄影助理、property manager/propsman 道具员、art director 布景师、stagehand 化装师、lighting engineer 灯光师、film cutter 剪辑师、sound engineer/recording director 录音师、scenario writer, scenarist 剧作家、direction 导演、distributor 发行人
参考资料：百度百科——纪录片百度百科——音乐片百度百科——喜剧片百度百科——恐怖片
介绍奥运吉祥物福娃（中英文对照）
在中国传统文化艺术的鱼和水的繁荣与收获的象征设计. 贝贝带来的祝福,并繁荣. 鱼也是中华文化的一个象征盈余,另一项衡量一个好年头,好日子. 装饰线的水浪设计取自著名国画过去. 五朋友,知道贝贝温柔、纯洁. 水上强劲,反映了她的奥运会蓝戒指. 晶晶微笑使孩子--而且也是他带来幸福快乐的推移而他. 他说,你看他的个性纯真可爱的舞蹈,引起一波他黑白毛. 作为国宝级的保育类及,大熊猫是人们崇拜. Lotus设计晶晶的脚,这是鼓舞宋代的瓷画(a.d.960-1234),象征着绿意和森林人与自然的和谐关系. 晶晶被选为代表,我们希望保护大自然的礼物--美丽的大自然,保护世世代代. 晶晶是保守na? ve乐观. 他是著名的运动员,他们的力量是黑色奥林匹克响叮当 在体内循环比赛,欢欢是大哥. 他是一个火孩子,象征着奥林匹克运动的激情和火焰--热情的祝福,祝福他. 欢欢中心站比赛为核心的奥林匹克精神的体现. 同时,他鼓励所有的激情与管理更快、跳得更高、更强是,他还公开和邀请. 而根据着欢欢,请温暖北京2008年--与中国人民的祝福如意--可以感觉到. firery的头部装饰设计大师来自敦煌壁画--只要触动中国传统吉祥设计. 欢欢是活泼热情. 他擅长所有的球类运动,代表奥林匹克红色的戒指. 像羚羊、灵活、速度快,可莺莺迅速复盖很大的私人土地上,他跨越种族. 浩瀚的象征中国的面貌,有羚羊的祝福健康、身体力量来自与自然和谐. 情的本质体现了对飞行特有的青藏高原,第一个受到保护的动物. 选择了藏羚羊为北京绿色奥运承诺. 头部装饰风格的装饰将一些来自青海和新疆、西藏传统文化与西部民族设计. 在田径比赛强,情是机智灵活、利落的小伙子是奥运会黄色光环. 每年春、夏、儿童风筝北京美丽的水流进风,通过资本冲击. 在风筝设计、金翼燕是最受欢迎的传统之一. Nini的这个数字是来自盛大的传统设计,飞行. 她金色的翅膀,象征着无限的天空,散布吉祥祝福作为她在苍蝇. 燕也明显"严"中,这座被称为是一种古老的北京首都. 朋友之间,是天真快乐作为吞下. 她是坚强的,是绿色奥运体操戒指.
In China's traditional culture and art, the fish and water designs are symbols of prosperity and harvest. And so Beibei carries the blessing of prosperity. A fish is also a symbol of surplus in Chinese culture, another measure of a good year and a good life. The ornamental lines of the water-wave designs are taken from well-known Chinese paintings of the past. Among the Five Friendlies, Beibei is known to be gentle and pure. Strong in water sports, she reflects the blue Olympic ring. Jingjing makes children smile--and that's why he brings the blessing of happiness wherever he goes. You can see his joy in the charming naivety of his dancing pose and the lovely wave of his black and white fur. As a national treasure and a protected species, pandas are adored by people everywhere. The lotus designs in Jingjing's headdress, which are inspired by the porcelain paintings of the Song Dynasty (A.D.960-1234), symbolize the lush forest and the harmonious relationship between man and nature. Jingjing was chosen to represent our desire to protect nature's gifts--and to preserve the beauty of nature for all generations. Jingjing is charmingly na?ve and optimistic. He is an athlete noted for strength who represents the black Olympic ring In the intimate circle of Friendlies, Huanhuan is the big brother. He is a child of fire, symbolizing the Olympic Flame and the passion of sport--and passion is the blessing he bestows. Huanhuan stands in the center of Friendlies as the core embodiment of the Olympic spirit. And while he inspires all with the passion to run faster, jump higher and be stronger, he is also open and inviting. Wherever the light of Huanhuan shines, the inviting warmth of Beijing 2008--and the wishful blessings of the Chinese people--can be felt. The firery designs of his head ornament are drawn from the famed Dunhuang murals--with just a touch of China's traditional lucky designs. Huanhuan is outgoing and enthusiastic. He excels at all the ball games and represents the red Olympic ring. Like all antelopes, Yingying is fast and agile and can swiftly cover great stretches of land as he races across the earth. A symbol of the vastness of China's landscape, the antelope carries the blessing of health, the strength of body that comes from harmony with nature. Yingying's flying pose captures the essence of a species unique to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, one of the first animals put under protection in China. The selection of the Tibetan Antelope reflects Beijing commitment to a Green Olympics. His head ornament incorporates several decorative styles from the Qinghai-Tibet and Sinkiang cultures and the ethnic design traditions of Western China. Strong in track and field events, Yingying is a quick-witted and agile boy who represents the yellow Olympic ring. Every spring and summer, the children of Beijing have flown beautiful kites on the currents of wind that blow through the capital. Among the kite designs, the golden-winged swallow is traditionally one of the most popular. Nini's figure is drawn from this grand tradition of flying designs. Her golden wings symbolize the infinite sky and spread good-luck as a blessing wherever she flies. Swallow is also pronounced "yan" in Chinese, and Yanjing is what Beijing was called as an ancient capital city. Among the Friendlies, Nini is as innocent and joyful as a swallow. She is strong in gymnastics and represents the green Olympic ring.
【北京奥运会吉祥物——福娃】
福娃（英语：Fuwa，原称Friendlies）是2008年在北京举行的第29届奥运会的吉祥物，设计者韩美林。於2005年11月11日、距离本届奥运会开幕恰好1000天时正式发布问世。
福娃是北京2008年第29届奥运会吉祥物，其色彩与灵感来源于奥林匹克五环、来源于中国辽阔的山川大地、 江河湖海和人们喜爱的动物形象。
福娃向世界各地的孩子们传递友谊、和平、积极进取的精神和人与自然和谐相处的美好愿望。福娃是五个可爱的亲密小伙伴，他们的造型融入了鱼、大熊猫、奥林匹克圣火、藏羚羊以及燕子的形象。
福娃贝贝、 福娃晶晶 、福娃欢欢 、福娃迎迎 和福娃妮妮 每个娃娃都有一个琅琅上口的名字:“贝贝”、“晶晶”、“欢欢”、“迎迎”和“妮妮”，在中国，叠音名字是对孩子表达喜爱的一种传统方式。当把五个娃娃的名字连在一起，你会读出北京对世界的盛情邀请“北京欢迎您”。
福娃代表了梦想以及中国人民的渴望。他们的原型和头饰蕴含着其与海洋、森林、火、大地和天空的联系，其形象设计应用了中国传统艺术的表现方式，展现了中国的灿烂文化。
将祝福带往世界各个角落 很久以来，中国就有通过符号传递祝福的传统。北京奥运会吉祥物的每个娃娃都代表着一个美好的祝愿：繁荣、欢乐、激情、健康与好运。娃娃们带着北京的盛情，将祝福带往世界各个角落，邀请各国人民共聚北京，欢庆2008奥运盛典。
贝贝传递的祝福是繁荣。在中国传统文化艺术中, “鱼” 和 “水” 的图案是繁荣与收获的象征，人们用 “鲤鱼跳龙门”寓意事业有成和梦想的实现,“鱼”还有吉庆有余、年年有余的蕴涵。 贝贝的头部纹饰使用了中国新石器时代的鱼纹图案。贝贝温柔纯洁，是水上运动的高手，和奥林匹克五环中 的蓝环相互辉映。
晶晶是一只憨态可掬的大熊猫，无论走到哪里都会带给人们欢乐。作为中国国宝，大熊猫深得世界人民的喜爱。 晶晶来自广袤的森林，象征着人与自然的和谐共存。他的头部纹饰源自宋瓷上的莲花瓣造型。晶晶憨厚乐观，充满力量，代表奥林匹克五环中黑色的一环。
欢欢是福娃中的大哥哥。他是一个火娃娃，象征奥林匹克圣火。欢欢是运动激情的化身，他将激情散播世 界，传递 更快、更高、更强的奥林匹克精神。欢欢所到之处，洋溢着北京2008对世界的热情。 欢欢的头部纹饰源自敦煌壁画中火焰的纹样。他性格外向奔放，熟稔各项球类运动，代表奥林匹克五环中红 色的一环。
迎迎是一只机敏灵活、驰骋如飞的藏羚羊，他来自中国辽阔的西部大地，将健康的美好祝福传向世界。迎迎是青藏高原特有的保护动物藏羚羊，是绿色奥运的展现。
妮妮来自天空，是一只展翅飞翔的燕子，其造型创意来自北京传统的沙燕风筝。“燕”还代表燕京(古代北京的称谓)。妮妮把春天和喜悦带给人们，飞过之处播撒“祝您好运”的美好祝福。 天真无邪、欢快矫捷的妮妮将在体操比赛中闪亮登场，她代表奥林匹克五环中绿色的一环。
【Peking Olympic game mascot-blessing 娃】
The blessing 娃 (English:Fuwa, call Friendlies at first)BE the 29th Olympic game that hold in Peking in 2008 of mascot, the design HAN2 MEI3 LIN2.於 November 11th in 2005,was apart from current Olympic game to open by luck 1000 weathers released to publish formally.
The blessing 娃 is Peking in 2008 the 29th Olympic game mascot, its color and inspiration came from Olympic five wreaths and came from the animal image that broad mountain and stream the earth in China,river's sea in the river lake and people like.
The blessing 娃 delivers comity toward the children of the world-wide locations,peaceably,the actively enterprising spirit get along with person and the nature diapason of fine wishes.The blessing 娃 is five lovely intimate and little colleagues, their shape integrates fish,giant panda,Olympic Olympic flame and hides the image of the antelope and barn swallow.
The blessing 娃 shell shell,the blessing 娃 is clear and bright,the blessing 娃欢欢 ,the blessing 娃 face each dolls to have an easy to read name with the blessing 娃妮妮 :"the shell shell","clear and bright","the 欢欢 ","face" with"the 妮妮 ", at China, fold the sound name expresses a kind of favorite traditional way to the kid.When connect five names of dolls together, you will read a Peking's great kindness invitation"Peking welcome you" for world.
The blessing 娃 represented dream and the desire of the Chinese people.Their prototype and headdress contain it and the ocean,forest,fire,the earth and the contact of the sky, its image design applied the performance method of[with] Chinese traditional art, emerging the brilliant culture of Chinas.
Carry toward wish each corner in world for a long time, China have already delivered a benedictory tradition through a sign.Each dolls of Olympic game mascot in Peking represent a wish a wish finely:Prosper,happiness,intense emotion,health and good luck.The dolls take the great kindness of Pekings, carrying toward wish each corner in world, invite all countries people to gather Peking totally, the 欢 celebrate 2008 the Olympics prosperous 典 .
The wish that the shell shell deliver is a prosperity.In the Chinese traditional cultural art, the pattern of"fish" and"water" is the symbol of[with] prosperity and results, people use"the carp jump Dragon gate" implied meaning successful with dream of of realization, "fish" still has joyous enough to spare,year by year enough of contain. The head 纹饰 of the shell shell used the fish 纹 pattern of the Chinese new stone age.The shell shell the gentleness is clean and pure, is the superior of the aquatic sports, reflect with Olympic five blue wreaths in the wreathses mutually.
The clear and bright is a 憨态 can 掬 of giant panda, walk to regardless where will bring people the merriment.Be a Chinese national treasure, the giant panda gets the fancy of people in world deeply. Clear and bright come from the forest of the wide 袤 , symbolize person and the harmonious coexistence of the nature.The his head 纹饰 derives from the lotus petal shape of the Sung porcelain.Clear and bright and simple and honest optimism, be filled with strength, represent Olympic five wreathses in the black of one wreath.
The 欢欢 is the eldest brother elder brother in the blessing 娃 .He is a fire doll, symbolizing an Olympic Olympic flame.The 欢欢 is exercise intense emotion of incarnation, he the intense emotion dissemination a life time boundary, deliver sooner,higher and stronger Olympic spirit.The place that the 欢欢 go to, the ocean overflows 2008 rightnesses of enthusiasms of worlds in Peking. The head 纹饰 of the 欢欢 derives from the 纹 kind of the flames in mural in Dunhuang.His personality extrovert is free, well-experienced in and various ball gameses, representative Olympic five wreaths in red one wreath.
Face is a machine 敏 is vivid,gallop about if fly of hide an antelope, he comes from broad western region the earth in China, spread healthy fine wish toward world.Face is green to hide special protection animal of plateau to hide an antelope, is the display of green Olympics.
The 妮妮 comes from the sky, is the barn swallow that an exhibition wings fly, its shape creativity comes from the sand 燕 kite of[with] tradition in Peking."燕 " Still represents the 燕 city(the title of ancient Peking).The 妮妮 brings people the spring and the joy, flying its place to sow the fine wish of the 撒 "wish your good luck". Innocent,欢 the 妮妮 of the quick 矫捷 will be shining in the gymnastics the game to show up, her representative Olympic five wreaths in one wreath of the green.
范思哲英文广告语
广告 一词，据考证是一外来语。它首先源于拉丁文advertere，其意为注意，诱导，传播。下面是我带来的关于范思哲英文广告语，欢迎阅读!
范思哲经典广告语
Development history
Versace brand logo from the ancient Greek mythology snake demon Medusa (Medusa), a symbol of a fatal attraction, emphasizing the joy and sexy, neckline is often open to the waist below, the designer took the classical aristocratic style luxury, luxury Li, but also Fully consider wearing comfortable and appropriate display size. Versace Baby Blue Jeans. Versace cowboy series of Baby Blue in 1995 after the launch of perfume fans by the favor, this is suitable for girls and babies to use the elegant perfume to the elegant and elegant style, , Warm as the characteristics, both in the deployment of fragrance and perfume bottles are unique in the design of a flavor. Cowboy is a child and young people obsessed with clothing, denim perfume to express a simple and fresh, natural.
Baby Rose Jeans This fragrance is Gianni Versace 1995's work, with a fresh floral fragrance mixed with citrus, violet, sandalwood and vanilla, with a sweet scent. The most suitable for young girls to use less Ai.
Versace Blue Jeans / Red Jeans 1994 launch of the female red cowboy, blue denim blue denim men's jeans Versace blue, Versace denim red perfume produced in the fall of 1994, this section of women's fragrance for the Eau De Toilette to elegant , Warm for the characteristics of the former flavor to the main flowers, after the taste is mixed with the woody and fruity.The bottle design unique. Unique Coke bottle shape is not put it down, with a circular-shaped box with exotic packaging, more collectible value.Versace denim blue perfume produced in the fall of 1994, this fragrance for men and women for the Eau De Toilette, to elegant, warm features, both for men to use, but also for concise and concise ladies use fragrance unique.Unique Coke bottle shape is not put it down, with a circular-shaped box with exotic packaging, more collectible value.
Versace Bright Crystal.
Versace
Fresh and unique sexy fragrance highlights the new definition of women VERSACE: independence, strong, independent, faint and charming with sexy, make men willing to surrender. Exquisite bottle like a delicate carved transparent crystal-like, with a pure and delicate texture, a symbol of this fragrance fragrance can bring pure, fresh taste and visual double enjoyment; bottle body bright and brilliant luster, highlighting the VERSACEBright Crystal "fragrant crystal" noble, elegant, sexy woman boutique fashion style. Versace Crystal Noir women wearing VERSACE dress is sexy, women use VERSACE perfume it? The same is sexy! Versace launched a new female perfume
Crystal Noir black crystal perfume on the interpretation of this. VERSAC Crystal Noir perfume perfume by Donatella Versace idea, she said perfume is her personal style important props, they like with the mood, the weather, the different occasions to choose with perfume, for their own, the morning choose a suitable perfume With the dress is an important part, if you do not use perfume to go out, as if his body what is missing, Donatella believe that most women and their own can not do without perfume
Versace Jeans Couture Glam / Versace Jeans Couture Woman:
Versace in the autumn and winter of 2002 launched the VersaceJeansCouture men and women perfume, this autumn and winter clothing line design inspiration for the perfect performance of sensory enjoyment and modern Chinese style, showing the charm of luxury.Versace Jeans Couture bottle inspired by the fine glass, gold and precious metal rings, bright bottle combines the visual impact and impeccable modern. Female fragrance of the bottle inlaid with the elegance of the peerless golden yellow diamond, male incense is embedded in the distinguished atmosphere of the sapphire.
Versace Metal Jeans Ladies VERSACE in 2000 launched the Metal Jeans perfume to heavy metal as the concept of purple-gray packaging, there is a woman deep and introverted, soft, unified, harmonious, charming, mature, attractive, perfect and Without losing personality.Jasmine, nutmeg, rose soft, fresh breath and heavy metal rock personality has become a strong contrast, even if the outside world is so the case, even if the outside world is so strong, Of the chaos, the corner of the heart is still quiet! In contradiction and calm, to find the end of the heart! .
Skillful use of models is Versace fashion art as a creative approach.Versace to the world's tallest, the most beautiful female models are collected in his account, through appropriate training, so that these models play an infinite potential. Models in Versace's fashion to the world has played an extremely important role, while they also with Versace's fashion to the world.
Versace that can best embody the hearts of women with the temptation of the beauty of the model is Kate Moss. He believes she is truly "eternal woman". Kate Moss thin, thin, on the rooftop of the fragile, a sense of sympathy and affection. Her skin color is always pale, eyes always have people can not capture the blurred. Her beauty, embodied in every nerve is full of desire. She wore clothes not to hide anything, but to express.Wearing a dark green, green fruit, green grass, light green line, covered with silver ornaments sleeveless tight body robe Kate Moss, Versace design style is the most accurate interpretation.
范思哲英文广告赏析
Designer: Gianni Versace Gianni Versace design style: Founded in 1978, the brand is the myth of the brand is a snake demon Ma Disha (Mdeusa), the brand name is the myth of the snake demon Madsa (Mdeusa) , Representing a fatal attraction. Versace's design style is very distinctive, is a unique aesthetic strong artistic pioneer, emphasizing the joy and sexy, the neckline is often open to the waist below, the designer took the classic aristocratic style of luxury, luxury Korea, but also give full consideration to wear comfort and The appropriate display size. Versace good use of noble luxurious fabrics, with the bias cut way,
Versace Chinese name: Versace. Versace is Italian, many Versace fans are often mistaken their pronunciation, the correct pronunciation: VA-SA-QI
Gianni Versace
Versace created by Gianni Versace Gianni Versace December 2, 1946 was born in Italy Reggio Calabria. Mother is a "soil" tailor, had opened a "Paris boutique" shop. She is a smart woman, you can not use any pattern, only a few marks in the cloth can be tailored clothing. Versace's home and mother's workshop is only separated by a wall, they are three brothers and sisters in such a work atmosphere filled with the environment grew up.Childhood Versace like to learn to do dress to self-entertainment.Memories of the past, the master once said: "I was under the influence of my mother, from an early age to cultivate interest in sewing fashion.
Backcountry of the town of growing Versace, the stage is too small. In 1972, the 25-year-old Versace came to Milan to study architectural design.Then, by chance, he was a fashion manufacturer in Florence designed knitted clothing line selling, so that their business volume soared fourfold, as a reward, he received a car. This unprecedented success made him abandon the construction industry, as he was the first opportunity in the history of entrepreneurship.
As a result, the first taste of the victory of the fruit Ganjia Niujin sky, out of control to threw himself into the fashion career.
In 1978, Versace launched his first women's clothing line, shortly after his first boutiques will be ready, and invited to study the business management of the Brothers Hill map to help manage. In 1981, Versace's first bottle of perfume during his invitation to the University of Florence's sister Donatella to do helper. At this point, Versace's fashion kingdom began to shape. In 1989 the opening of the "Atelier Versace" Czech high fashion boutiques and into Paris, France fashion industry, in 1997 in the United States was shot dead. Source: Sunshine does not embroider wedding dress
Versace in addition to fashion also operates perfume, glasses, scarves, neckties, underwear, bags, leather goods, bed sheets, tablecloths, porcelain, glassware, down products, furniture products, his fashion products have penetrated into each of life field.
Versace in 1983 by the Curtischak Award in 1986, the Italian president awarded the Italian Republic "Commandatore" award in 1988, "Cutty Sark" Award for the most creative designer award, in 1993 by the United States International Fashion Designers Association Award .
Small tailor origin design master - Versace
Versace December 2, 1946 was born in southern Italy Reggio Calabria, he is a tailor grew up from the world of fashion designer. Versace childhood work in the mother's sewing shop. At the age of nine, with the help of his mother designed his first set of dress, a velvet shoulder dress. After high school, Versace school curriculum is not interested in, half-way drop out to continue to help his mother to engage in clothing. Versace childhood hobby is another music, he likes the southern Italian folk songs, modern pop music and classical opera. In 1972, Milan, a clothing manufacturer fancy Versace's works, and call his mother, asked Versace to go north to Milan.Versace excitement, immediately boarded the train to Milan to create his clothing business, when only 23 years old.
Soon, a clothing merchant door to ask him to cooperate several sets of clothing, Versace try their hand, will be successful in one fell swoop, he designed the clothing is extremely popular. Cooperator happy to award him a Volkswagen Beetle sedan. Until the conditions are ripe, Versace took the whole family received Milan, the traditional way of family union founded family business. Not willing to reside under the Versace founded in 1978, the first to his name named after the series of clothing.
In the 1980s, the love of music Versace to see the impact of rock music in the youth is expanding, they seize this opportunity to engage in joint with the rock star, launched a rock clothing, this is a major turning point in his career. Hometown mountains and rivers and cultural traditions for Versace grow into a fashion designer to provide a solid foundation. Hometown of Rome, the ancient Greek cultural sites, social atmosphere in the classical culture of deep influence, from Versace's works can be seen in his adolescence by the art of nurturing. After twenty years of effort, Versace has become with the other three Italian fashion guru George Armani, Gucci and Valentino par the Wizards.
Versace empire is a symbol of the Greek mythology, the snake hair demon Medusa, beautiful hair composed of a snake, hair is the head of the snake.She represents a fatal attraction, she attractive to beauty, to see her people instantly into stone, this deterrent is Versace pursuit.
With a surprising, step by step ahead
In the fierce market, the role of advertising must not be underestimated.Versace in the advertising business spent the mind. The first is to make friends with the advertising industry, especially those photographers, who are often guests of Versace. Through these people he understands the dynamics and trends of the garment industry. The second is to carry out promotional activities, mobilize all means to promote their own company's products. The exquisite brochure is a powerful tool for Versace to engage in public events, beautifully crafted to combine modern cartoons, fine art, classical culture and beautiful models to create the prince and countless Snow White princesses , Won the customer.
Responding to harsh competition, Versace has his secret weapon, in the shortest possible time to form the fastest judgment, organizational design and production and sales. Most companies in the fashion industry spend at least six months from design, pre-sales to mass production, while Versace often uses lightning to adapt to changes in market demand. For example, there is a high-tech PVC fabric made of 200 yuan price of jeans, Versace in person under the supervision of the time in five weeks to complete the design, manufacture and transportation of the whole process of listing, setting a new clothing history Record.
Versace design peak is the 1989 Paris launch of the "Afelier" series. This is Versace is not satisfied with the dominance of Italy and decided to break into the French high-end fashion industry's first step. This suddenly led to the influx of Italian fashion into Paris.
Brand is also the most concerned about the issue of Versace. Versace has long been found, the brand has an unusual power of goods. Versace in the women's success made him more and more aware of, to find ways to ensure that their brand, relying on brand to profit, but also for young consumers shopping psychology, to produce texture and less stress, the cost is not too Large, but there are obvious brand decoration and turnover of the product quickly. In 1994, Versace has launched a Versace label bedding and household utensils. Versace in the fall of 1997 is also preparing to open up a cosmetics production line, specializing in the production and Versace dress matching products.
In the Italian clothing empire, in logistics management, Versace company occupies a leading position. Versace has long established companies and retail stores in major cities such as New York, London and Paris, bringing the company's products directly to customers rather than through intermediaries, bringing together design, manufacturing and retail."Business Week," the article that "Versace in the fierce competition in the fashion market, almost every step has an advantage in the retail side of a stronger advantage.
Good to play the master of celebrity card
Versace is the favored Diana many fashion designers can be called a friend of people. British-style design is too conservative and rigorous, although it can well bring out the demeanor of Diana, but also inevitably weakened Diana's personality. Versace Diana designed for the evening is different, Diana's vitality and enthusiasm ready to come out. Versace to Diana designed a set of blue shoulder gown, the selection is very delicate and beautiful blue satin, dressed in this dress like the sun under the summer sun flowing water. Bare shoulder design, there is a deep taste of the decorative beauty of the building.
In Western countries, celebrities in the entertainment industry is the subject of Versace attention, once these celebrities wear Versace clothing to participate in the Oscar award ceremony, the television station to the big star image to the world a broadcast, Versace's work naturally spread to the whole world.
In 1998, Zeta-Jones wearing a tight body wrapped in red Versace dress appeared in the Academy Awards, the immediate murder of journalists in the hands of countless film, became the best dress that night.
Another world-famous movie star is Stallone. Stallone looks solid, shoulders wide and strong, but according to the Americans to measure the standard body shape, Stallone is a bit size is not enough, shoulders width is too large. Versace in February 1991 and October has been designed for the Stallone two sets of clothing, a dark blue suit with white shirt, the shoulders too big defects to cover up, so that Stallone's body suddenly straightforward A lot, so far Versace designed for Stallone suit is still the United States for the entertainment industry and the fashion industry respected.
The early 90s, Madonna for Versace shot a series of publicity photos is one of the classic. Madonna's Wild and Versace's Mingyan is known as a seamless combination.
Versace in communication with the celebrities did not forget to keep the old and do not mind the style of a momentary frustration. Tyson has long been respected on the clothing master Versace, Tyson has been off into the classroom after the offense, Tyson very much miss Versace designed shorts, Versace heard of After the news specially sent him some clothes, which makes Tyson feel grateful. Tyson was released from prison after re-boarding boxing, when he was winning streak, Tyson's shorts have become the love of American teenagers. Which makes Versace's shorts sales rose significantly. Supermodel is priceless
Before Versace developed, the world fashion industry only by fashion companies to hire some models to participate in the performance of temporary, and not by the fashion industry itself created supermodel.
Skillful use of models is Versace fashion art as a creative approach.Versace to the world's tallest, the most beautiful female models are collected in his account, through appropriate training, so that these models play an infinite potential. Models in Versace's fashion to the world has played an extremely important role, while they also with Versace's fashion to the world.
Versace that can best embody the hearts of women with the temptation of the beauty of the model is Kate Moss. He believes she is truly "eternal woman". Kate Moss thin, thin, on the rooftop of the fragile, a sense of sympathy and affection. Her skin color is always pale, eyes always have people can not capture the blurred. Her beauty, embodied in every nerve is full of desire. She wore clothes not to hide anything, but to express.Wearing a dark green, green fruit, green grass, light green line, covered with silver ornaments sleeveless tight body robe Kate Moss, Versace design style is the most accurate interpretation.
中国风景名胜(英文的,楼下的不许抄,抄的不给分)
The Temple of Heaven
The Temple of Heaven is the largest existing architectural complex in the world for the purpose of praying to heaven for good harvests. It was included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO in December 1998.
Located to the southeast of the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven was where emperors of the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) Dynasties worshipped heaven. It covers 273 hectares; the layout is circular in the north and square in the south to symbolize the circular heaven and the square earth. The compound has two surrounding walls; the main buildings for worship are located within the inner wall. The main buildings - the Circular Mound Altar in the south and the Altar of Prayer for Good Harvests in the north - are linked with a 360-meter-long passage, called Danbiqiao or Red Stairway Bridge. To the west of the Altar of Prayer for Good Harvests lies the Hall of Abstinence; to the southwest are the Divine Music Administration and the Department for Sacrifices.
The Chinese have a long history of worshipping heaven. Because the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th Century-771 BC) claimed that they were empowered by heaven, the worship of heaven was continued by almost all state rulers as a way to uphold their right of administration.
After Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, established his rule in Nanjing, he ordered a circular mound altar built on the southern slope of Zhongshan Mountain to worship heaven and a square altar built on the northern slope to worship earth. Later the ceremonies to worship heaven and earth were merged and held in one temple.
After Zhu Li, the second emperor of the Ming Dynasty, moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, he had the Altar of Heaven and Earth built in the new capital based on the standards of the one in Nanjing, but larger in size. Construction was completed in February, 1421, at the site of today's Altar of Prayer for Good Harvests. The Hall of Worship was the main place for the ceremony.
About 110 years later, Emperor Jiajing issued an order to separate the worship ceremony of heaven from that of earth. Four altars were then built in the four directions (east, south, west and north) of the city of Beijing to worship the sun, heaven, the moon and the earth. The Temple of Heaven, a1so known as the Circular Mound Altar, was built to worship heaven.
The Hall of Worship was abandoned after the separation of the ceremonies and demolished in 1538. On that site was erected the Hall of Fruition, where ceremonies were held in autumn to present the harvest to heaven. The hall, sitting on a three -layer round base, was a round bui1ding with triple-eaved roof: the upper eave was blue, the middle eave yellow and the lower green. This symbolized the combination of the heaven, earth and the people.
The rulers of the Qing Dynasty, which replaced the Ming Dynasty in 1644, kept the worship system. but changed the function of the Hall of Worship from presenting fruits to heaven to prayer for good harvests. The hall was renamed the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests in 1751, and the entrance renamed the Gate of Prayer for Good Harvests. The following year the roofs of major buildings were replaced with blue glazed tiles to match the color of the sky. In 1749, Emperor Qianlong had the Circular Mound Altar expanded. The wooden railing and balustrades were replaced with white marble and the ground was paved with blue stones. In the middle of the upper terrace was placed a round stone surrounded by nine concentric rings of paving stones. The number of stones in the first ring is nine, in the second 18, and so on, up to 81 in the ninth ring. The middle and bottom terraces also have nine rings each. Even the numbers of the carved railing, the balustrades and the steps are also in multiples of nine, to coincide with the astronomical phenomena. With all these readjustments, the altar system was finally comp1eted and the worship of the heaven was reformed during the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1795).
A total of 22 Ming and Qing emperors held 654 ceremonies to worship the heaven in Beijing. The worship was abandoned in 1911 when the last emperor of the Qing court abdicated and the Temple of Heaven ended its role as an imperial altar. However, the last ceremony held at the Temple was on the Winter Solstice in 1914 by Yuan Shikai who attempted to reestablish a monarchy. Yuan developed a new ceremony and tailored special attire there for. Yuan died shortly thereafter and his regime was overthrown.
As the place for the worship ceremony, the Temple of Heaven has deep cultural connotations for the Chinese nation. It is a comprehensive expression of Chinese history and culture, politics, philosophy, astronomy, architecture, calendar system, music, painting, gardening and ethics; it synthesizes the traditional culture of the Chinese nation.
On December 2, 1998, the Temple of Heaven was placed onto the World Heritage List at the 22nd conference of the World Heritage Committee. The committee came to the conclusion that the Temple of Heaven is a masterpiece of architecture and landscape design which simply and graphically illustrates a cosmogony of great importance for the evolution of one of the world’s great civilizations. The symbolic layout and design of the Temple of Heaven had a profound influence on architecture and planning in the Far East over many centuries. For more than two thousand years China was ruled by a series of feudal dynasties, the legitimacy of which was symbolized by the design and layout of the Temple of Heaven. Every year, the Temple of Heaven receives millions of visitors from near and afar who are impressed by the complicated cultural presentation, the grand, ancient architectural complex and the secluded surroundings.
the Forbidden City 故宫
the Great Wall 长城
the Summer Palace 颐和园
the Ming Tomb 明十三陵
the Bird's Nest 国家体育场（鸟巢）
Tian'anmen Square 天安门广场
the Shaolin Temple 少林寺
Mount Tai 泰山
Shangri-La 香格里拉
kowloon 九龙
tian'anmen square 天安门
HongKong香港
北京beijing
天津tianjin
上海shanghai
重庆chongqing
香港hong kong
澳门aomen
新疆xingjiang
西藏tibet
内蒙古neimenggu
台湾taiwan
宁夏ningxia
广西guangxi
黑龙江heilongjiang
吉林jilin
辽宁liaolin
河南henan
河北hebei
山东shandong
山西shanxi
湖南hunan
湖北hubei
安徽anhui
江西jiangxi
江苏jiangsu
浙江zhejiang
福建fujian
广东guangdong
海南hainan
云南yunnan
贵州guizhou
四川sichuan
青海qinghai
甘肃gansu
陕西shanxi
Mount Taishan calls Dai mountain,Dai ,DaiYue,east Yue ,TaiYue etc. again.Many name, the hat of the in really national famous mountain.Mount Taishan it call that was see in at the earliest stage 《Book of Poetry 》, "Qing " meant biggest,lucid and quiet and peaceful.Mount Taishan is sign in a north China big plain side suddenly together lu ancient country, together the Hen mountain, the heng mountain, Hua Mountain, the song mountain matches to call five Yues, eastern region because of ground, so call the east Yue , so have the title of"long five Yues"s. ....It the east face surging forward with great momentum ocean, the west depends a source to flow long yellow river far, override in together Lu the earth, several thousand in the last yearses have been easts the center of the politics,economy,culture.Mount Taishan have a deep cultural content, it the thou construct mainly is a clear and pure style, will construct,the painting,carvings,mountain stone,wood merge into an integral whole, is the eastern civilization is great but solemn of symbol;several thousand in the last years, Mount Taishan becomes in the past DIWANG FENG CHAN2 a fiesta the absolute being mountain of the day, along with DIWANGFENG CHAN2 , Mount Taishan drive apotheosis, FO way two, scholar the person flock in endless waves, leaving numerous famous spot historic monuments for Mount Taishan and Tai-an. Mount Taishan the natural view is impressive-looking and high greatly, there are several thousand years, spirit culture of permeate and exaggerate and humanities the view set off by contrast but be called"five the head of the Yues", it is the spirit of the Chinese nation culture of miniature, now then again become precious inheritance of world.Mount Taishan scenery famous spot with Mount Taishan main mountain for center, present emanation form to distribute, from natural view and humanities the view blend but become.from the fiesta ground through DI the Tai of WANG2 ZHU4 DI4 city 岱 temple, arrive seal a day of jade Huang crest, constitute long ten kilometers of of hell-the human life-heaven of a stalk line.
泰山又称岱山、岱宗、岱岳、东岳、泰岳等。名称之多，实为全国名山之冠。泰山之称最早见于《诗经》,"泰"意为极大、通畅、安宁。泰山突兀的立于华北大平原边上的齐鲁古国，同衡山，恒山，华山，嵩山合称五岳，因地处东部，故称东岳，故有"五岳之长"的称号。 ....它东临波澜壮阔的大海，西靠源远流长的黄河，凌驾于齐鲁大地，几千年来一直是东方政治、经济、文化的中心。泰山有着深厚的文化内涵，其古建筑主要为明清的风格，将建筑、绘画、雕刻、山石、林木融为一体，是东方文明伟大而庄重的象征；几千年来，泰山成为历代帝王封禅祭天的神山，随着帝王封禅，泰山被神化，佛道两家，文人名人纷至沓来，给泰山与泰安留下了众多名胜古迹。泰山自然景观雄伟高大，有数千年精神文化的渗透和渲染以及人文景观的烘托而被称为"五岳之首"，它是中华民族的精神文化的缩影，而今又成为世界珍贵遗产。泰山风景名胜以泰山主峰为中心,呈放射状分布，由自然景观与人文景观融合而成。从祭地经帝王驻地的泰城岱庙，到封天的玉皇顶，构成长达十公里的地府--人间--天堂的一条轴线。
the Forbidden City 故宫
the Great Wall 长城
the Summer Palace 颐和园
the Ming Tomb 明十三陵
the Bird's Nest 国家体育场（鸟巢）
Tian'anmen Square 天安门广场
the Shaolin Temple 少林寺
Mount Tai 泰山
Shangri-La 香格里拉
还有很多，你上网搜吧
Tian’anmen Rostrum
Tian’anmen( the Gate of Heavenly Peace), is located in the center of Beijing. It was first built in 1417 and named Chengtianmen( the Gate of Heavenly Succession). At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was seriously damaged by war. When it was rebuilt under the Qing in 1651, it was renamed Tian’anmen, and served as the main entrance to the Imperial City, the administrative and residential quarters for court officials and retainers. The southern sections of the Imperial City wall still stand on both sides of the Gate. The tower at the top of the gate is nine-room wide and five –room deep. According to the Book of Changes, the two numbers nine and five, when combined, symbolize the supreme status of a sovereign.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tian’anmen was the place where state ceremonies took place. The most important one of them was the issuing of imperial edicts, which followed these steps:
1) The Minister of Rites would receive the edict in Taihedian( Hall of Supreme Harmony), where the Emperor was holding his court. The minister would then carry the decree on a yunpan( tray of cloud), and withdraw from the hall via Taihemen( Gate of supreme Harmony)
2) The Minister would put the tray in a miniature longting( dragon pavilion). Beneath a yellow umbrella and carry it via Wumen( Meridian Gate), to Tian’anmen Gate tower.
3) A courtier would be invested to proclaim the edict. The civil and military officials lining both sides of the gateway beneath the tower would prostrate themselves in the direction of the emperor in waiting for the decree to the proclaimed.
4) The courtier would then put the edict in a phoenix-shaped wooden box and lower it from the tower by means of a silk cord. The document would finally be carried in a similar tray of cloud under a yellow umbrella to the Ministry of Rites.
5) The edict, copied on yellow paper, would be made known to the whole country.
Such a process was historically recorded as “ Imperial Edict Issued by Golden Phoenix”.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties Tian’anmen was the most important passage. It was this gate that the Emperor and his retinue would go through on their way to the altars for ritual and religious activities.
On the Westside of Tian’anmen stands ZhongshanPark( Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Park), and on the east side, the Working People’s Cultural Palave. The Park was formerly called Shejitan( Altar of Land and Grain), built in 1420 for offering sacrificial items to the God of Land. It was opened to the public as a park in 1914 and its name was changed in 1928 to the present one in memory of the great pioneer of the Chinese Democratic Revolution.
The Working People’s Cultural Palace used to be Taimiao( the Supreme Ancestral Temple), where tablets of the deceased dynastic rulers were kept.
The stream in front of Tian’anmen is called Waijinshuihe( Outer Golden River),with seven marble bridges spanning over it . Of these seven bridges,historical records say the middle one was for the exclusive use of the emperor and was accordingly called Yuluqiao( Imperial Bridge). The bridges flanking it on either side were meant for the members of the royal family and were therefore called Wanggongqiao( Royal’s Bridges). Farther away on each side of the two were bridges for officials ranking above the third order and were named Pinjiqiao( ministerial Bridges). The remaining two bridges were for the use by the retinue below the third order and wre called Gongshengqiao( common Bridges). They anr the one in front of the Supreme Ancestral Temple to the east and the one in front of the Altar of land and Grain to the west.
The two stone lions by the Gate of Tian’anmen, one on each side were meant as sentries. They gaze toward the middle axis, guarding the emperor’s walkway. In front of the gate stands a pair of marble columns called Huabiao. They are elaborately cut in bas-relief following the pattern of a legendary dragon. Behind the gate stands another pair of similar columns. The story of Huabiao may be traced to a couple of sources. One of the versions accredits its invention to one of the Chinese sage kings named Yao, who was said to have set up a wooden pillar in order to allow the ordinary people to expose evil-doers, hence it was originally called a slander pillar. Later it ws reduced to a signpost, and now it serves as an ornament.
The beast sitting on the top of the column is called” hou”, a legendary animal, which is said to have been a watcher of an emperor’s behaviour. He was doing such duties as warning the emperor against staying too long outside the palace or indulging in pleasure and urging him to go to the people for their complaints or return in due time. Therefore, the two pairs of beasts were given the names” Wangjunhui”( Expecting the emperor’s coming back) and “ wangjunchu”( Expecting the emperor’s going out) respectinvely.
In the old days, Tian’anmen, as a part of the Imperial City, was meant for important occasions. The two rows of chaofang( antechamber), on the sides behind the main gate, wre reserved for civil and military members of the government waiting for imperial audience and in front of the gate, were offices of imperial administration.
On October 1, 1949, chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed on Tian’anmen Rostrum the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Since then Tian’anmen has been the symbol of New Chine\a. Chairman Mao’s portrait is hung above the central entrance, flanked by two slogans:” Long Live the Great Unity of the Peoples of the World”. Today , the splendour of Tian’anmen attracts million of visitors from all over the world. The Rostrum on its top was opened in 1988 to the public for the first time in its history. It offers a panoramic view of the Square and the city proper.
Tian’anmen Square
Situated due south of Tian’anmen, the Square has an area of 44 hectares( 109 acres) that can accommodate as many as one million people for public gatherings. It has witnessed may historical events in China’s modern history and is a place for celebrations on such festive days as international Labour Day on May 1st and national Day on October 1st.
Around the Square are several famous buildings:
1 The Great Hall of the People
This is one of the largest congressional buildings in the world. Built in 1959, the hall consists of three parts: a 10,000-seat auditorium in the center, a banquet hall in the north wing facing Chang’an Street, with a seating capacity of 5,000, and offices for the Standing Committee of the National Peoples’ Congress of China in the south. In addition, thirty-four reception chambers are named after various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly unde the Central Government, plus Hong Kong and Macao. Each is different from the other in decoration and furnishings to stress their local features.
2 The Museum of Chinese History and the Museum of the Chinese Revolution
These two museums were also built in 1959. the museum of Chinese History houses a permanent exhibition in four parts, covering the entire process of Chinese history spanning from 1.7 million years ago to 1919:
1) The Primitive Society( 1.7 million years ago to the 21st century BC);
2) The Slave Society(21st century BC to 476 BC.);
3) The Feudal Society(475 BC. To 1840 AD.);
4) The Semi-Colonial and Semi- Fedual Society(1840 to 1919.)
The Museum of the Chinese Revolution covers the period from 1919 to 1949.
3 The Monument to the People’s Heroes
the monument was built in memory of thousands of martyrs who died for the revolutionary cause of the Chinese people. Its construction began on August 1, 1952 and was not completed until 1958. in the form of an obelisk, the Monument as made of more than 17,000 pieces of tranite and white marble. The purple piece inlaid in the front of the Monument was brought from Qingdao, Shandong Province. It is 38 meters(124ft 8 in) high, the loftiest of its kind ever seen in the country. Not only is it an historic memorial for immortal heroes, but also it is an artistic work of excellent architectural value.
On the front side of the Monument is an engraved inscription in Chinese characters written by Chairman Mao Zedong, which reads” Eternal Glory to the People’s Heroes!”. On the back of the Monument is an article written by Chairman Mao, but in Chinese calligraphy by the late Premier Zhou Enlai.
At the top of the Monument are eight gigantic carved wreathes of such flowers as peony, lotus and chrysanthemum, symbolizing nobility, purity, and fortitude. At the base of the monument are eight marble reliefs depicting the Chinese historic events since 1840. They are:
1) The Burning of Opium in 1840:
2) The uprising of 1851 in Jintian, Guangxi;
3) The Revolution of 1911;
4) The May Fourth Movement of 1919;
5) The May 30th Movement of 1925;
6) The Uprising of 1927 in Nanchang, Jiangxi;
7) The War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from 1937 to 1945;
8) The Victorious Crossing over the Yangtze River by the Peoples’s Liberation Army in 1949. This relief is flanked by two smaller ones—“ Supplying the Front” and “ Greeting the P.L.A.”.
4 Chairman Mao’s Mausoleum
Chairman Mao Zedong, the founder of the People’s Pepublic of China, passed away on Sepember 9, 1976. In commemoration of this great man, a mausoleum began to be constructed in November 1976, and was completes in August the following year. The Mausoleum was officially opened on September 9, 1977.
The mausoleum is surrounded by four groups of sculpture. East of the northern entrance is the sculpture depicting the period of the New Democratic Revolution( 1919-1949), and west of it is the one signifying the great achievements of the Chinese people during the period of slcialist revolution and construction since 1949. The sculptures in front of the southern gate are figures of workers, peasants soldiers, intellectuals, technicians and children.
Inside the Mausoleum are three main sections: A white marble statue of Chairman Mao is mounted on a platform in the front lobby. On the wall behind the statue is a 24-metre-long( 79-foot-long) tapestry, a fine needlepoint work with beautiful landscapes of the country.
In the main hall there is a crystal coffin, in which Chairman Mao’s body lies stately with the Communist Party’s flag covering over him.
On the wall of the southern lobby, a poem by Chairman Mao and in his own calligraphy is inscribed in gold inlay. It expresses his full great expectations for the country.
Tian’ anmen Square has now completed its renovation after eight months’ hard work to welcome the 50th anniversary of the People’s Republic in 1999.
长城 the Great Wall
故宫(紫禁城) the Palace Museum( the Forbidden City)
人民大会堂 Great Hall of the People
颐和园 the Summer Palace
香山 the Fragrant Hill
天安门广场 Tian An Men Square
人民英雄纪念碑 Monument to the People’s heroes
毛主席纪念堂 the Memorial Hall to Chairman Mao
天坛 the Temple of Heaven
北海公园Beihai Park
亚运村 Asian Games Village
首都机场 the Capital Airport
民族文化馆 the Nationalities Cultural Palace
北京动物园 Beijing Zoo
首都体育馆 the Capital Gymnasium
中国人民历史博物馆 Museum of Chinese History and the Chinese Revolution
中国人民革命军事博物馆 Military Museum of the Chinese People’s Revolution
农业展览馆 the Agriculture Exhibition Hall
中国美术馆 the Chinese Art Gallery
雍和宫 the Yonghegong Lama Buddhist Temple
十三陵 the Ming Tombs
恒山 Hengshan Mountain （山西）
2、淮河 the Huaihe River （河南、安徽、江苏）
3、巢湖 the Chaohu Lake （安徽）
4、渤海 the Bohai Sea （辽宁、山东）
5、韩江 the Hanjiang River （广东）
6、礼县 Lixian County （甘肃陇南地区）
都江堰市 Dujiangyan City （比较： the Dujiang Weir）（四川）
2、绥芬河市 Suifenhe City （比较：the Suifen River）（黑龙江）
3、白水江自然保护区 Baishuijiang Nature Reserve（比较：the baishui river）（甘
肃）
4、青铜峡水利枢纽 Qingtongxia Water Control Project（比较：the Qingtong Gorge）
（宁厦）
5、武夷山自然保护区 Wryishan Nature Reserve（比较：Wuyi Mountain）（福建）
6、西湖区风景名胜区 Scenic Spots and Historic Sites of Xihu（比较：the West la