diverse system,求英语高手将英语文献翻译成汉语！急用

diverse system,求英语高手将英语文献翻译成汉语！急用详细介绍

本文目录一览： diverse system是什么

就单纯的英语翻译而言，意为多样化系统
在2009年日本发行的一张音乐专辑封面就有diserve system的字样，是一张同人音乐，中文名是：D14

好听DJ推荐几个？

容许我纠正一下错误。DJ是职业好么！DJ是职业好么！DJ是职业好么！这问题错误点可以替换为：你去饭馆给服务员说：“请给我一盘厨师，谢谢。”
请千万不要再这么说了，edm圈粉丝快要哭了走哪都要更正一下。
你所谓的DJ歌曲，应该说是edm。Electronic Dance Music，具体请百度。我个人一般听future bass和future house，可以在这方面回答一下。
好听的歌太多太多，毕竟众口难调，所以我直接推荐DJ给你，你觉得哪个顺眼就去听吧。保证总有一个能抓住你的心。?
如今emd中风格非常多，中国受众面最广（一般是刚入坑的）的一般是Future bass，听起来会有种让人怦然心动的感觉，所以更多人喜欢这种。（但是，Alan Walker不是future bass，注意不要闹笑话）
future bass 很多DJ都有做，比如烟鬼the chainsmokers（人家俩风格比较多变），棉花糖marshemello（前期是，现在很炸很飘逸），猫厂才子conro（专注于fb,曲风清新抓耳），三哥R3hab（三哥本行就是fb,曲调细腻精致，一句话，可盐可甜）萌猴zedd（抓耳，洗脑是他拿手绝活。目前似乎歇业去打电竞了玩游戏也是一把好手）你去网易云听歌，如果喜欢这一类人家会自动推送类似风格的DJ的。也可以直接去猫厂（monstercat，电音大厂牌）旗下的future bass一类中寻宝（值得一提，虽然许多知名DJ也会从猫厂发歌，但猫厂慧眼识珠，入选的DJ哪怕不出名人家的曲子也是数一数二的好，祝你遇见心仪的歌曲）。
future house就不得不提电音三杰之一的大菠萝Don Diablo了。他可以说是future house的领军人物。但是由于house风格分化不比future bass那么明显，所以现在还有许多争议。（菠萝叔现在其实也是处于创作的实验阶段）一般听众就将Don Diablo曲中类似于敲击铁通的声音作为辨识标志，带有house风格中含有类似声音的曲子称为future house。可以听他的曲子，以及他自创厂牌HEXAGON（亦称菠萝厂）旗下的所有艺人的歌曲，都是future house风格（毕竟和老板一起恰饭嘛）。
edm可不止这俩风格，比如圈内出了名的嘴炮高手鼠爷Deadmau5，他的风格就特别飘逸魔幻了，因为我对于这个风格不是特别感冒，所以有了解他的同好们欢迎下方补充。我觉得主要就是很有电子机器的感觉（鼠爷粉莫打，小的词语匮乏不知道怎么形容），他主张的是创作，探讨电子音乐的艺术性。所以经常看不上圈内“为了迎合大众而创作”的DJ，觉得他们是为了钱财与名声，失去了创作的本质。
新人指路
如果不是一时跟风，想好好在圈子里享受的话。推荐几大电音厂牌，不要听我先入为主的建议，直接跟着你的感觉走。
S厂：荷兰一家独立的电子音乐厂牌，名为（Spinnin' Records斯宾尼唱片），现在位于emd顶尖的著名DJ都是从这个厂子里走出来的哦（上面提到的R3hab，zedd外，耳熟能详的鸽神Avicii，蛇叔DJ Snake，小马丁Martin Garrix，硬好Hardwell，黄爪Yellow Claw，潮爷Steve Aoki，双帅Vicestone，铁叔Tiesto，性感洋男KSHMR等等，都是网易云音乐emd爱好者趋之若鹜的大神们）。除了主厂牌以外，Spinnin旗下还有许多副厂分支。每周一和周五，都会有新单曲发行在Spinnin和副厂下。无论是在数量还是质量上，都满足了全世界粉丝挑剔的胃口，也让Spinnin成为了Beatport全球电子舞曲下载榜前10的常客，引领电子舞曲的发展方向。
猫厂：怪兽猫Monstercat（原先叫Monstercat Media），加拿大温哥华建立的电子舞曲音乐公司。Monstercat每周发布三首电音单曲（星期一、三、五），和一个时长一小时左右的在Twitch直播间直播的Podcast（太平洋标准时间每星期二下午一点）。每发布30首电音单曲，Monstercat就会发布一份包含这30首音乐的专辑和下来的两首混音。发布的歌曲可以在Monstercat's site, iTunes, Xbox Music, Spotify, SoundCloud, Bandcamp, Google Play Music等上下载。YouTube和Twitch频道上也会有相应的音乐视频放出。
A厂：Armada Music，著名荷兰电音厂牌。是由五代DJ之首的Trance巨星Armin Van Buuren联合Maykel Piron、David Lewis共同创建的，名字来源于每个创始者名字的前两个字母。Armada Music早期专攻Trance,如今风格涉及面更广但主要还是以推传统House为主。到目前为止Armada Music已经差不多有了19种代表不同电子音乐风格的子厂牌。
R厂：Revealed Recordings，由世界顶尖音乐制作人及DJ Hardwell创办。是Armada旗下的子厂牌，音乐风格以Pogressive House、Tech House、Electro House为主。旗下签约的音乐制作人皆在国际电音界名气斐然，备受追捧，近年来备受中国电音迷们的关注和青睐。
PRMD：电音界巨星Avicii的厂牌，该厂牌的电音曾两度获得格莱美最佳舞曲唱片提名，Avicii就像音乐界的“黑客”，做的电子乐风独树一帜 。无论是乡村还是爵士，无论是独立还摇滚，Avicii总是能通过House节拍和电音韵律的融合，让音乐在保持原味的基础上，焕发出另一种动感且层次分明的全新活力。PRMD的作品也普遍带有Avicii式Progressive House的鲜明特色。可惜的是，Avicii已于18年4月20日下午逝世。这是我们edm圈粉丝心中永远的痛。
OWSLA：在2011年由Brostep/Trap乐大神Skrillex创立，他曾12次获得格莱美提名，其中8次获奖。Skrillex可以说是Brostep的代言人，开创了商业Brostep的先河并将其发扬光大，OWSLA自然也汇集了一大批天才制作人和DJ。
Barong Family：国内粉丝俗称“巴龙”。创立者是“黄爪”——Yellow Claw，身为华人DJ Chace的恩师，也正是从这里带Chace走向世界！该厂牌的音乐风格不随大流，很另类特别，主攻Trap/Future House/Hard Dance/Jungle等，成员包括了DJ chace在内的许多人，其成员主要还有Wiwek，LNY TNZ，Mightyfools，BASSILONES，The Galaxy，Victor niglio，KAYZO，Moksi，Fountain of youth，cesqeaux，Snavs，aidback luke，Mike cervello，Yung Felix，Dirtcaps等。
以上，
（厂牌资料都是有引用百科和科普，我懒得打字??。欢迎资深大神和同好指正捉虫！！！）

不知道你喜欢什么风格 我个人偏好就是edm电子舞曲 反正听了让人想蹦跶的那种
首先强推我家烟鬼 the chainsmokers 电子舞曲听了就不能停止跳动！
老棉marshmallow很棒！小马丁Martin Garrix很棒 百大三连冠！A神不用说了！听他！他就是神！Alan Walker没人不知道吧！蛇叔DJ Snake 萌猴Zedd 反正百大DJ的歌随便点 没有不嗨的
最后单独点名Naveda 这首真的我能嗨一辈子
你去
www.ks321.com
里面找
里面有01.one-t
&
cool-t
-
the
magic
key
强烈推荐
02.爵士风格的慢摇pop
很喜欢，只是不知道叫什么名字，在kugoo上用这名字就能搜到
03.（tata
young）sexy,
naughty,
bitchy
前些日子上海有个fashion
show就用了这曲子
04.sex
bomb
(poping)
在北京工体那里的angel,babyface（club）常听到,好听！
05.平井坚_one
love
wonderful
world日本(好听)
人帅歌也好，好象是混血吧？
06.91-backstreet
boys
-
no
diggity(featuring
dr.
dre)
好久没听后街唱这么in的歌了
07.kylie
minogue--can't
get
you
out
of
my
head
典型的慢摇
08.baby.bash.feat.frankie.j.-.suga.suga.[verycd.com]
节奏比较舒缓的，旋律好棒！
09.dr.
dre
feat.
tupac,
dmx,
nas
-
the
next
episode(prizefighter
remix)
club必放的一首曲子
10.头文字d
电影原声大碟
-
01.ae86
酷酷的rap，强劲的节奏，同专辑中的05.童话破灭也超棒！
11.black
eyed
peas
-
my
humps
黑眼豆豆的歌好听不用多说吧！女生rap,歌词好挑逗的，呵呵
12.gorillaz
-
feel
good
inc
好象是苹果的广告曲来吧？好不好听听了就知道！
13.街头舞霸-05-bring
it
on
非常适合做街舞的背景音乐哦，尤其后半部分，酷拉拉的gg们！！
14.06.黑鬼饶舌雷鬼慢摇
听了好想跳舞！！好听好听！！听～听～听～（回声）
15.hip
pop
--
missy
elliot
--
for
my
people
狂躁性感的音乐，high到极致！！u
r
my
fire!的嘶喊！
16.nelly
feat
jaheim
-
my
place
r&b风格，节奏稍慢，flexing！！！
17.阿姆eminem-03-business好戏上场
送给喜欢rap的酷型ggmm，个人认为是阿姆最好听的一首！
你想要的.很棒的
精中之精
Rags To Rings
苏荷摇电音 (Mash Up)
300 Violin Orchestra
封杀2013袭击全球的电音House串烧
最后一个虽然是13年的 但是还可以 很长长觉得好的话望采纳
如果你说的舞曲，慢摇
0.Yoomiii-rhythm of love
1.aqua水叮当@smile-mr wonderful
2.aqua水叮当-bumble bees
3.aqua水叮当-my oh my
4.aqua水叮当-lollipop
5.cascada-bad boy
6.Cascada-Everytime We Touch (Radio Mix)
7.how do you do 意大利大气女声口哨
8.罗百吉-what love
9.Smile-kissy kissy
10.Smile Dk VS aqua水叮当-doo be di boy
如果你说的纯dj
1.dj tiesto-love comes again
2.dj tiesto-nyana
3.dj tiesto-sweet mysery（喜欢它的女声和唱）
4.dj tiesto-traffic（铁斯托成名作）
5.Evol Intent, Mayhem & Thinktank-Broken Sword
另外，建议你搜搜全球100大dj，铁斯托只是其三
楼主你好！！只选对的，不选多的，本人自己觉得最好听的歌，楼主一定要听听啊！（以下的超好听，推荐先听）
朴尚民-不要哭
受了点伤（英文）
.
最终幻想10主题曲－素敌だね(日文版)
sg wannabe-我的人
金钟国-如果我爱你
,
劲舞团-姐姐
今晚我感觉离你很近-仓木麻衣
far away from home
七公主-love song
黄牌-高耀太
飞翔-高耀太
为什么这样-乌龟
我爱摇滚-高耀太
唱啦啦啦-乌龟
花样-松隆子
我在那一角患过伤风
zone - despre tine
take play love
甜蜜的爱-七公主
飞机-乌龟
男人也没办法
劲舞团-question
小情歌-苏打绿
念奴娇-伊能静
老人与海-海鸣威
我们都是好孩子-王筝
My all -滨崎步
特别天使-高耀太
英雄-高耀太
起立-仓木麻衣
原地踏步-劲舞团
7公主-悲伤恋歌
结婚-朴慧京
As long as you love me-后街男孩
7 Days -Craig David
罪与罚-sg wanna be
be what you wanna be
施展咒语-七公主
hey boy-徐智英
火花-高耀太
坚持-Us
倾我所有-(DONNA LEWIS)
Swan-(劲舞团)
莫失莫忘
upside
只恨我一个人
初春踏青（音乐)
（以上的超好听）
纯音乐：（超级好听）
紫日
Kiss The Rain
神秘园之歌
天空之城
再见警察
classic river
卡农
夏日香气
迷情仙境
Tears
dream catcher
被遗忘的天使
我在那一角落患过伤风
雨的印记
罗密欧与朱丽叶
寂寞之声
很流行的韩日歌曲
rain-sadtango
李孝利 TOC TOC TOC
李孝利 不要爱上他
所以
冰淇淋 MC梦
爱情过后 劲舞歌曲
30次左右
question ha,yoo sun
i believe 劲舞歌曲
坚持 us
never say goodbye
u superjunior
听我说 papaya
不能遗忘你
tonight,i feel close to you 仓木麻衣&孙燕姿
我的人 sg wannabe
试着说 WaWa
2年零2月 fod
一个人/两个人/只有你 蔡妍
花样 松隆子
Come on/飞机 乌龟
relove 徐智英
英文歌：
I'm Gonna Getcha Good!--Shania Twain

Never Had A Dream Come True--S Club 7 最近开始听这首歌的,太好听了

Any Man Of Mine--Shania Twain 还有这个

My name is --Emimem阿姆的经典之作

Happy Boys & Girls---Aqua 他\她们的歌很活泼

Barbie Girl--Aqua

When You Say Nothing At All--Alison Krauss细心品味,我很喜欢这首歌的

Candy Shop--50 Cent 相信很多人听过吧

Back to you--Bryan Adams

The Power Of Love--Celine Dion

yellow--coldplay

I COULD BE THE ONE--Donna Lewis 声音很甜

Without Me--Eminem 又一首阿姆的经典之作

Don't Turn Off the Light--Enrique Iglesias

Any one Of Us--Gareth Gates 经典

American Idiot--Green Day 朋克乐,我很喜欢

Boulevard of Broken Dreams--Green Day

Moonlight Shadow --Groove Coverage

Yesterday Yes A Day--Jane Birkin

Because You Live--Jesse McCartney 人又帅歌又好

When You Believe--Mariah-Carey 很多地方介绍这首经典的

Nothing gonna chang my love for you

We Will Rock You--Queen 摇滚中的经典

better man--Robbie Williams

第一首:Stand

第二首:peerless

第三首:floorfiller

第四首:sosforlove(又名:爱情求救号)

第五首:hey-oh

第六首:OneForDaMoney

第七首:Ein Kleines Lied

第八首:la isla alizee

第九首:groove coverage

第十首:LET'S TALK ABOUT A MAN

第十一首:Human Sacrifice

第十二首:Wet Wet Wet

第十三首: 冰河时代2

第十四首:i saw you walkinag in the rain

第十五首:You`re Not Gonna Score

第十六首:Self Control Laura Bran

第十七首:doo be di boy

第十八首:dreams come true ``

第十九首:I Saw You Walking In The Rain ``

第二十首:sound of my dream ``

DJ舞曲：

TIME TO ROCK 舞曲大帝国

大爆炸

lalalove

Its　Ok

i'm gonna getcha good ! 仙尼亚 唐恩

辛巴达

皇冠一刻钟

AU坚持

ARE YOU DJ

talala

walking in the sun

one for da money

move somethin

do somethin

Close to You Radio Jay Delano

DJ Let s Talk About A Man

La Club king

chipz in black

我敢保证一定很好听 ，只选好听的，不选多的，楼主听下吧。好听记得加分哦！谢谢 !

2022年12月英语六级汉译英参考模板

【 #四六级考试# 导语】你想有拥有你没有过的能力，就要去做自己没有做过的努力。以下是 考 网为大家精心整理的内容，欢迎大家阅读。 1.2022年12月英语六级汉译英参考模板
　　共享经济
　　据报道,中国的共享经济预计将在未来五年内保持30%以上的快速年增长率。中国共享经济的快速发展揭示了中国经济的巨大活力和潜力,但它正面临着许多挑战。随着共享经济在交通工具、住宿、餐饮(catering)等领域的高速发展,出现了个人信息泄漏(leakage)、资源浪费和不公平竞争等新问题。共享经济问题背后的原因是复杂多样的,但共同的问题是共享平台的主要责任并未得到妥善落实。政府的一则通知指出,将依法对共享平台的个人信息收集、使用、共享、转移(transfer)和公开行为加强监管。
　　It is reported that China's sharing economy is expected to maintain a rapid annual growth rate of more than 30% in the next five years. The rapid development of China's sharing economy reveals the tremendous vitality and potential of the Chinese economy, but it is facing many challenges. With the rapid development of the sharing economy in the fields of transportation tools, accommodation, catering, etc., new problems such as personal information leakage, waste of resources and unfair competition have emerged. The reasons behind the problems with the sharing economy are complex and diverse, but a common problem is that the main responsibility of the sharing platform has not been properly shouldered. A government notice has pointed out that the government will strengthen supervision over the collection, use, sharing, transfer and public disclosure of personal information on sharing platforms.
2.2022年12月英语六级汉译英参考模板
　　继续教育
　　继续教育是指给完成学校教育的人员—尤其是成人—提供知识和技能的教育。继续教育是正规教育的有效补充，是终身学习体系的重要组成部分。在中国，继续教育包括自学考试、函授教育、夜间大学和电视大学，有传统的课堂教学和远程学习等多种授课方式。近年来中国的继续教育体系发展显著，然而，严峻的危机也日益显露，如师资短缺、课程和教学方法落伍。只有解决这些问题，中国的继续教育才能继续发展，满足社会需要。
　　Continuing education is a kind of education thatprovides those who have finished school education, adults in particular, with knowledge and skills. Asan effective supplement to regular education, continuing education is an important part of the life-long learning system. In China, it includes self-study examination, correspondent education,evening university and open university systems, with various teaching methods, such astraditional classroom lectures and distance learning. Recent years have witnessed theremarkable development of China's continuing education system; however grim crises haveemerged, like scarcity of teaching resources and out-of-date curricula and teaching methods. Only by tackling these problems can continuing education in China develop further and meetthe need of the society.
3.2022年12月英语六级汉译英参考模板
　　工作面试
　　在找工作的过程中，有面试，就有曙光。面试的成功与否，除了面试官如何看你的条件及个人素质外，主要取决于他们如何评价你在面试中总的表现，因此，有必要把它当作一场演出或比赛来看待，其目的是向面试官推销自己，让他们感到你是干这项工作的人选。大多数人在面试中处于被动地位，竭尽全力回答提出的任何问题。一种更好的方法是控制局面，给面试官提供你想给他们的信息，而不是他们想从你这儿发现的信息：使他们有信心，绝对相信你是能胜任这项工作的人选，让他们几乎没有理由相信你不能胜任。信心不仅仅来自你作出的回答，也产生于你的外表以及你表现出来的热情、精力、自信、个人品质和雄心壮志。大多数面试者没能得到工作的主要原因就是他们没能使面试官对他们产生信心。他们败下阵来并非是他们不能胜任这项工作，而是他们对自己能胜任工作的自信没能在面试中表现出来。他们的自我推销做得还不够。大多数人之所以这样是因为他们在面试时很紧张，如果每次面试后都没有得到工作，不少人觉得自己是失败者并变的更为焦虑。这是不实际的。大多数面试者都将被拘之门外。不要想自己是否会得到这份工作。只需专心参加面试，并竭尽所能，工作自然就会有着落了。
　　In the process of finding a job, where there is an interview, there is hope. Whether you succeed or not depends not only on how the interviewers look at your qualifications and you personal qualities, mainly depend on how they evaluate your performance in interviews, therefore, it's necessary to retreat it as an performance or a contest with the aim to market yourself to the interviewers and make them feel that you are the best to do the job.Most interviewees are in the positive position and try their best to answer all the questions in the interviews. One better way is to control the situation and provide the information that you want to offer, but not the information that they want to find from you: to make them have confidence and absolutely believe that you are the best choice and to make them almost have no reason to believe you can't do it. Confidence not only comes from your answers, also from your appearance and your enthusiasm, energy, confidence, personal quality and ambition.The main reason that most interviewees can't get the job is that they can't make the interviewers become confident in them. They failed not because they can't do the job well, but because they didn't show their confidence during the interview. They didn't do self-marketing well. Most people do so because they are nervous, if they can't get the job after each interview, many people will feel that they are loser and become more anxious. It is not practical. Most interviewers will be refused. Don't think whether you can get the job or not. You only need to concentrate on interview and try your best, you naturally can get the job.

英国的英文介绍

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) was created by the Act of Union 1800 and constitutes the greater part of the British Isles, a group of islands lying off the northwest coast of Europe. The largest of the islands is Great Britain, which comprises England, Wales and Scotland. Next largest is Ireland, comprising Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom, and, in the south, the Republic of Ireland.
Culture in the United Kingdom is rich and diverse, with a strong tradition of literature, theatre, popular and orchestral music and the performing arts. These, together with collections in UK museums and galleries, act as a magnet for overseas visitors and make a substantial contribution to the economy. According to economic estimates made by the Department for Culture,Media and Sport (DCMS), the creative industries accounted for nearly 8 per cent of UK gross domestic product in 2000, and provided nearly 2 million jobs in December 2001. Colour brochures are available here on various aspects of UK culture, including the arts, architecture, dance, the visual arts, and literature and poetry.
As part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (“the UK”), England is a parliamentary democracy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. Its traditional industries – fishing, farming, mining, engineering, shipbuilding – are all in decline and business today is dominated by banking and finance, the media and technology, steel production, oil and gas, and tourism.
Bordered by Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, England is the largest country in Great Britain, occupying an area of 50,085 sq miles (129,720 sq km). The terrain is diverse, from plains to peaks, cliffs to beaches, though the superlatives are all modest on a world scale – the largest lake, Windermere, is 10 miles (16km) long, the highest mountain, Scafell, just 3205ft (978m) above sea level.
The population of approximately 50 million is dense for a country of its size, but settlement is concentrated in the southeast conurbations around London, and in the large industrial cities of the Midlands and the North.
This is one of the world’s most multi-ethnic countries, made up largely of people of Anglo-Saxon, Scots, Welsh and Irish descent, but with sizeable communities from the Caribbean, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, China, Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland or simply, the United Kingdom. Separated from the European continent by the North Sea and English Channel, the United Kingdom (informally referred to as Britain) includes England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. England and Wales were united in 1536. The addition of Scotland in 1707 created Great Britain, renamed the United Kingdom in 1801 when Ireland was added. The Republic of Ireland fought itself free of British rule in 1922, leaving volatile Northern Ireland as a province of the United Kingdom. About 55 percent of Northern Ireland's 1.6 million people trace their ancestry to Scotland or England, are Protestants, and favor continued union with Britain; however, many of the Roman Catholic population (44 percent) want to join the Republic of Ireland.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain,[3] is a sovereign island country[4][5] located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. The UK includes the island of Great Britain, the northeast part of the island of Ireland and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland.[6] Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. The largest island, Great Britain, is linked to France by the Channel Tunnel.
The United Kingdom is a union[7][8] of four constituent countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The United Kingdom is governed by a Parliamentary System with its seat of government in London, the capital, and a constitutional monarchy with Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II as the head of state. The Crown Dependencies of the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, formally possessions of the Crown, are not part of the UK but form a federacy with it.[9] The UK has fourteen overseas territories,[10] all remnants of the British Empire, which at its height encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface, making it the largest empire in history. As a direct result of the empire, British influence can be observed in the language and culture of states such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Singapore, Sri Lanka and the United States of America, and other less globally influential independent states. HM Queen Elizabeth II remains the head of the Commonwealth of Nations and head of state of each of the Commonwealth realms.
The UK is a developed country, with the fifth (nominal GDP) or sixth (PPP) largest economy in the world. It was the world's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th century,[11] but the economic cost of two world wars and the decline of its empire in the latter half of the 20th century diminished its leading role in global affairs. The UK nevertheless retains strong economic, cultural, military and political influence and is a nuclear power, with the second or third (depending on method of calculation) highest defence spending in the world. It is a member state of the European Union, holds a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council, and is a member of the G8, NATO, WTO and the Commonwealth of Nations.
资料太多了

求英语高手将英语文献翻译成汉语！急用

1。 BackgroundInequitable资源的分配是一个普遍probleminmany健康systems.Globally，健康需求是多种多样的，需要大量的财政，人力和其他资源。然而，这些资源是许多国家有限的[33]，从而为政策制定者一个分配的困境。虽然资源不足造成的问题不能underesti，交配，特别是在发展中国家，有一种普遍的观点认为，在类似的社会和经济地位的国家，这不是多大的一个国家花费，而是如何支出，其资源，防止地雷，其人口的健康状况[1]。证据
fromboth发达国家和发展中国家的建议，适当的资源分配不平等做出了巨大贡献的健康。在澳大利亚，例如，尽管土著人有一个近20年比非土著澳大利亚人平均寿命短[2,3]，迪布尔和其他人发现，总expen - ditures卫生服务f每人
)Action of “Latvia’s Dialogues” is directed to promotion of the Inter-ethnical dialogue and development of civil society;
译：‘拉脱维亚谈话’行动引导和促进了种族之间的对话何社会文明的发展。
2) Research works: in History, in Environmental protection.
译：研究工作：在历史方面，在环境保护方面。
3) Research of business strategies, Law;
译：业务策略，法律方面的研究。
4) Organisation and support of culture, charity events.
译：对文化、慈善事业的组织和支持
5) International Diplomatic projects;
译：国际外交战略。
就是这篇英语文献，与卫生资源配置有关的~~~不要在线直接翻译的~~
1. BackgroundInequitable allocation of resources is a widespread probleminmany health systems.Globally, health needs are diverse and require signi?cant ?nancial, human and other resources. These resources are however limited in many countries [33], thereby creating a distributional dilemma for policy-makers. Although the problems posed by resource inadequacy cannot be underesti- mated, particularly in developing countries, there is a commonly held view that, within countries of similar socio-economic standing, it is not how much a country spends, but rather how it spends its resources that deter-mines the health status of its population [1]. Evidence
fromboth developed and developing countries suggests that inappropriate allocation of resources contribute greatly to inequities in health. In Australia, for example, although indigenous people have a life expectancy of nearly 20 years shorter than non-indigenous Australians [2,3], Deeble and others found that total expen-ditures per person for health services for indigenous Australians are notmuch higher than the rest of the population; a ratio of merely 1.22:1 [4]. In South Africans,
the poorer health status of black people compared to white South African is believed to be partly the result of the historic imbalances and inequities in the resource allocation system.McIntyre observed that over 60%of health care spending in South Africa at the end of the 20th century was in the private sector [40], the main bene?ciaries of which were the minority white population. In Madagascar, Castro-Leal et al. [5] found that the poorest 20% of the population consumes 12% of
public spending on health compared to 30% share of the total enjoyed by the richest 20%.
The need to address inequity in health has received increased attention in recent years [6].This has exposed the mechanisms for allocation of public sector health resources to greater scrutiny. Inmany countries, policy-makers have come under pressure to abandon historical funding models which were widely perceived as inequitable and to develop explicit alternatives that would redress inequities within and between geographic regions. One issue that remains unresolved in the quest for more equitable resource distribution however, is the appropriate principle or set of principles that should guide resource allocation in order to bridge the existing gaps in equity. One major reason for the little consensus among scholars on this issue results from the diverse ways in which the term ‘equity’ is interpreted.Whatever interpretation one might have, equity remains a value-laden word; choosing between different de?nitions of equity therefore necessarily involves
making value judgements [7].The common interpretations of equity include‘equal expenditure per capita’, ‘equal inputs percapita’, ‘equal access for equal needs’, ‘equal utilisation for equal needs’, and ‘equal health’ [8]. Each of these de?nitions has its own bene?ts and dif?culties with regards to measurement and operationalisation.‘Equal health’, for example, has been widely criticised
as being unrealistic, given the many factors that determine health including variations in genetic background and longstanding disparities in access to thewide range of resources which contribute to determining health outcomes. While some authors have argued that the ultimate aim of all de?nitions of equity is equality of health [34], others have suggested other objectives such as equality of access or equal access for equal needs[9]. Access, however, is a multidimensional concept and extremely dif?cult to measure.Most industrialised nations have adopted the ‘equality of access’ interpre-tation in their efforts to achieve fairness in distribution
of services and resources [10–12].Many needs-based models for resource allocation
in recent decades were developed on the basis of the equality of access principle. The best documented example is the Resource Allocation Working Party’s (RAWP) model developed in England in 1976. The RAWP model sought to allocate National Health Service (NHS) funds between geographical areas to secure equal opportunity of access for equal needs [39]. Countries such asAustralia,NewZealand,Canada and South Africa have taken the lead from the RAWP approach and developed their own needs-based systems with a similar aim of improving equity. A needs-based model has been also tried in Zambia [13] while Uganda has implemented a pro-poor resource allocation reform similar to needs-based funding [14]. However, efforts to improve equity through needs-based funding have overwhelmingly focused on broader geographic equity
such as inter-regional or provincial equity. Equity at sub-regional levels has been virtually ignored in many countries, creating a knowledge vacuumregarding how resources are re-distributed by regional authorities.This lack of attention to equity at sub-regional levels could have profound implications for reducing general inequities in health. 2. Resource allocation in Ghana .Ghana is located on thewest coast ofAfrica, bordering Togo to the east, Cote d’lvoire to the west, Burkina
Faso to the north and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. It is a low-income country with a gross national income (GNI) per capita ofUS$ 320 [42].Over 40%of the estimated 20.5 million population lives below the poverty line. The population structure is signi?cantly youthful, with about 40% of the total inhabitants under the age of 15. Rural residents make up around 55% of the
total population. The infantmortality rate was about 60 per 1000 in 2003 while the overall life expectancy at birth for 2002 was nearly 58 years. Public sector health expenditure constituted about 2.8% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2001 [41]. For administrative purposes, Ghana is divided into 10 regions and 110 districts (Fig. 1). The government has in the past few years initiated a policy to create an additional 20–30 districts.Allocation of health resources between and within the regions and districts in Ghana has been less than equitable. Generally, regions in the Northern half the country are more deprived in terms of access to health care than those in the southern sector.The ratio GhanaHealth Service (GHS) doctors per population for example is 1:16,201 in the Greater Accra region compared to 1:66,071 in the Northern region [31]. Within
individual regions, inequities are rife, often with communities in remote locations havingmuchmore limited access to district-based health care services. Bridging inequities in access to health care is therefore one of the main national health policy goals. This is enshrined in
the mission statement of the Ministry of Health which states that:“TheMinistry ofHealthwillwork in collaborationwith all partners in the health sector to ensure that every individual, household and community is adequately informed about health and has equitable access to high quality health and related interventions” [30].Allocation of resources within the health system is in principle, designed to achieve the equality of accessgoal through the reduction of inequities between and
within geographic regions, including the removal of ?nancial barriers to access to services for the mos vulnerable segments of the population. The resource allocation decision-making process is decentralised.The Ghana Health Service (GHS) uses a resource allocation formula to allocate resources to regions. At the beginning of the planning season, the GHS assigns budgetary ceilings to the 10 Regional Health Adminis-trations (RHAs) in the country.This amount is allocated
in block for all districts in the region. Each RHA uses its own region-speci?c resource allocation formula to re-distribute this lump sum among the districts under its jurisdiction. It is on the basis of these allocations(as determined by the RHAs) that districts plan andbudget their activities. Completed activity plans and budgetary estimates of districts are collated by the RHA and returned to the MOH/GHS headquarters for approval.Once approved, theMOHdisburses the funds
directly to the various districts through the RHA. The RHA at this stage cannot alter what has been disbursed to individual districts.More recently, to promote inter-regional equity, the MOH has resorted to ‘top-slicing’ the GHS budget to target the four regions noted as the most deprived in the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strat-egy (GPRS) document, namely; the Northern, Upper East, Upper West and Central region [31].The use of different resource allocation criteria by the 10 regionsmeans progress towards equitymay vary from one region to another depending on the commit-ment to promoting equity and the particular criteria and strategies employed. To date, there has not been a systematic investigation to assess the allocation of resources within regions and the extent to which equity objectives are advanced (or not) through this process.This study examines the intra-regional resource allocation systems in the Ashanti and Northern regions of
Ghana in order to assess and compare progress towards equity in terms of redistribution of funds in favour of the most deprived districts.For the purposes of this study, the de?nition of
equity embodied in the MOH mission statement, that is, equality of access to high quality care and inter-ventions was adopted. Equitable resource allocation is de?ned here as allocation of equal or equivalent resources for equal needs. Because of the strong association between health status and socio-economic dis-advantage in Ghana, health needs were measured in terms of relative deprivation or disadvantage. Districts with high levels of deprivation were considered to be
in greater need of resources. Resource is de?ned in this study largely in terms of ?nancial resources for district-level services.
1。BackgroundInequitable资源配置是一种普遍的probleminmany卫生系统。在全球范围内,健康需求多样化和要求重大财务、人力和其他资源。然而,这些资源限制在许多国家[33],从而形成一个分布式进退两难的局面对决策者。尽管这个问题带来的资源不足,无法underesti -交配,特别是在发展中国家,那里是一个普遍认为,在国家举行类似的经济,它不是站在一个国家花多少钱,而是如何度过其资源,deter-mines的健康状况,其人口[1]。证据,
fromboth发达国家和发展中国家的暗示不恰当的资源配置,很大程度上取决于不平等的健康。在澳大利亚,举个例子,虽然土著居民平均寿命为近20年来non-indigenous短于澳大利亚[2、3),Deeble和别人发现,总expen-ditures健康服务,每个人都notmuch高于澳大利亚土著人口的其余部分,比仅仅1.22:1[4]。在南非,
这个贫穷的健康状况的黑人比白人南非被认为是造成的历史性的失衡和不平等的资源配置体系今天,在观察红壤保健支出在南非在20世纪末的时候是在私营部门(40),主要受惠者是少数民族人口。在马达加斯加,Castro-Leal缪群。[5]的发现,最穷的20%的人口消耗12%的
公共医疗保健支出30%份额相比,总喜欢的富有20%。
要解决不平等的健康受到注意增加了近年来[6]. 这已经暴露出机制的公营医疗资源分配到更严厉。上述国家的压力下,政策制定者已经放弃了历史的融资模型被广泛地认为公正和开发明确的选择方案,得以在地区之间的不平等。一个问题仍未解决的更公平的资源分配任务,然而,正确的原则或套原则指导资源配置为桥梁存在的差距在股票。其中一个主要原因为小一致的学者对这一问题的不同结果如何解释术语“公平”任何一个可能解释道,股票仍是一个装有财宝;选择不同的定义,因此必然涉及到公平
使价值判断[7]. 常见的解释,包括'equal人均支出的公平平等的输入percapita”、“平等”、“平等”、“平等的使用要求平等需要的、平等健康”[8]。这些定义有其自身的利益和困境,并以测量和operationalisation.健康”的平等,例如,而饱受批评
是不现实的,给予了许多因素,包括确定变异的遗传背景和历史悠久的差距在访问thewide范围的资源,有助于确定健康的结果。虽然有些学者争论的终极目的,所有的定义,净值是平等的,其他健康[34]有建议的其他目标,比如平等权利的平等机会访问或平等需要[9]。访问,不过,这是一个多维的概念和极难衡量大多数工业国采取“平等”interpre-tation访问他们在努力实现公平分配
服务和资源10-12][…许多needs-based信息资源配置模式
在最近几十年被开发的基础上获得了平等的原则。最好的例子就是资源配置文件工作小组(RAWP)模型在1976年在英格兰。这个RAWP模型试图分配国家卫生服务系统之间的地理区域来获得资金的访问为平等机会均等(39)需要。asAustralia、新西兰等国家,加拿大和南非已经领先的方法,从RAWP形成了一套自己的needs-based系统的目的和类似的公平。一个needs-based模型也在赞比亚[13]而乌干达已经实施了扶贫资源分配改革类似needs-based资助[14]。然而,努力改善股权通过needs-based资金都集中在广阔的地域公平压倒一切的
如区域或省级股权。股票在次区域水平已经几乎忽略了在许多国家,创造了一种知识vacuumregarding re-distributed资源被当局这种缺乏关注权益的次区域水平可能深具意义的一般不平等减少健康。(2)。在加纳的资源配置.Ghana坐落在西方海岸ofAfrica多哥,东、西'lvoire寇特d、上
沃尔特和几内亚湾。这是一个低收入国家国民生产总值人均国民ofUS 320亿美元(42]. 超过40%的估计20.5万人口生活在贫困线以下。年轻的人口结构,显著的居民大约40%的15岁以下。农村居民大约占55%的
总数量。这个infantmortality率大约百分之六十的1000 2003年总体平均寿命为2002年出生时几乎是58年。公共部门的健康支出构成了大约占2.8%的国内生产总值(GDP)于2001年(41]。行政区划、加纳分为10个区域和110个区(图1)。政府已经在过去的几年里,发起了一个政策来创建一个额外的20-30区卫生资源配置和地区之间、地区在加纳已经低于公平。一般来说,在北部地区的国家而言,更被剥夺了获得医疗保健行业的人比南方…GhanaHealth服务(GHS率)的医生是1:16,201每个人口为例,在更大1:66,071相比,在加纳首都阿克拉地区北部地区(31)。在
个别地区、不平等盛行,经常与社区在偏远地区havingmuchmore有限的区域性保健服务。衔接关系尚未获得医疗保健是最主要的国家健康政策的目标。这是供奉
使命宣言卫生部声明:“TheMinistry ofHealthwillwork collaborationwith所有合作伙伴在医疗部门,以确保每一个个人、家庭、社区,充分了解健康的合理能够得到高质量的医疗和相关的干预”(30)对资源配置的卫生系统内的原则,旨在实现平等的accessgoal通过减少不平等之间
地理区域内,包括去除财政壁垒来存取服务的弱势的人口。资源分配决策过程是权力下放这位加纳医疗服务(GHS)使用资源分配的公式,对资源配置。刚开始的时候,GHS布置规划赛季的预算天花板RHAs区域卫生Adminis-trations(10)在这个国家这个量分配
在所有区域块地区。每个RHA使用自己的region-specific资源分配的公式,re-distribute这个总和的地区在中华人民共和国管辖的其他海域。它是基于这些分配(的计划)andbudget RHAs地区经营活动。计划和预算估计完成活动的地区都被RHA架子回到卫生部/ GHS总部审批经批准后,theMOHdisburses资金
直接向各通过RHA。在这一阶段的RHA不能改变什么已缴费个人区最近,对促进公平、卫生部已经采取的top-slicing ' GHS预算目标的四个地区最著名的加纳降低贫困剥夺Strat-egy(GPRS)文件,即;北、东北、西部和中部地区(31]. 使用不同的资源分配标准由10 regionsmeans equitymay进展到另一个地区不同的commit-ment取决于对促进公平与特定的标准和策略。迄今为止,还没有一个系统调查评价区域内的资源配置的程度股权的目标是先进的(或没有)通过这一过程该研究调查了在资源分配系统更是前所未见的高度和北部地区
加纳为了评估和比较公平的进展再分配的基金的大部分地区被剥夺了本研究的目的的定义
公平地体现在制作的使命,那就是平等的高质量的服务和inter-ventions被采纳。公平的资源分配来作为定义是平等的分配资源平等的需求或相关专业。因为强有力的关联和社会经济的健康状况dis-advantage在加纳,健康的需要采用相对剥夺或不利的地位。水平较高的地区被认为是被剥夺
在更大的需要的资源。在这项研究中,资源的定义是主要的金融资源为区级服务。

移民美国佐治亚州的优势还有哪些

佐治亚州留学及移民优势
前言：投资环境
佐治亚州一直凭借其良好的商业环境，优秀的人才储备以及世界一流的基础实施等无以伦比的优势，吸引着企业在此成功经营。特别的英文在亚特兰大地区，由于有着很多年轻的专业人士，所以更具吸引力。佐治亚州在2011年CNBC全美经商环境排名中，位居第四。在“选址顾问调查”中也位居第四。此外，佐治亚州还建立了佐治亚创新中心来帮助那些创新型公司。
税收环境：佐治亚州是美国实行“以总收入为单一标准计税原则”(“single factor gross receipts”)征税方法的十三个州之一。同时，佐治亚州也不像美国许多州都采用的所谓“对企业实施的营业税追溯原则”(“倒退规则”)，也就是销售给外州的货物或服务收入若未被当地州征税，则本州对此征税。
物流环境：。佐治亚拥有高效的无缝连接的海陆空运输和物流网络体系同时，佐治亚州地处连接南北和东西的重要地理位置，人员和货物可以很便捷地从佐治亚州通过海陆空运输方式运送到美国各地，欧洲以及亚洲等地区。
劳工环境：佐治亚州的工人赔偿金标准具有一定的优势，平均说来，每支付100美元的工资，对于从事一线工作的工人而言，其中有2.73美元是用来保险，而对于办公室的工人来讲，其中只有0.24美元是用来保险的。
人才储备：全美国只有四个州拥有2所或两所以上全国排名前25的大学，佐治亚州就是其中之一此外，佐治亚州拥有68所职业技能大学，可以为各类企业提供的人力资源。
营商成本：佐治亚州拥有优惠的税收环境，具有竞争力的公共设施费和工资水平，这些优势可以让企业以更低的成本在此从事经营活动。
一、佐治亚州纵览
? In 2013, Georgia’s total population stood at just under 10 million.
? Georgia shares borders with Florida to the south, Alabama to the west, Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, and South Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.
? As a southeastern state, Georgia’s climate is humid subtropical – producing hot summers and mild winters.
? The state is home to 17 companies in the 2014 Fortune 500 list, including Coca-Cola, Home Depot and Delta Air Lines.
? Famous Georgians include civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr, former US president Jimmy Carter, musician Ray Charles, actress Julia Roberts and ‘professional egotist’ Kanye West.
? Georgia is known as the ‘Peach State’ due to its history of peach growing; California and South Carolina actually produce more peaches, but many would say Georgia’s are the most delicious.
? Georgia is home to 350 species of bird.
? In 1945, Georgia became the first state to lower the legal voting age from 21 to 18.
? 2013年，格鲁吉亚的总人口还不到1000万。
?乔治亚州与佛罗里达州接壤，南部是阿拉巴马州，西部是阿拉巴马州，北卡罗莱纳州是北卡罗莱纳，东部是南卡罗来纳和大西洋。
?作为东南部的一个州，格鲁吉亚的气候是潮湿的*带气候，炎热的夏季和温和的冬季。
?在2014年《财富》500强榜单中，包括可口可乐、家得宝和达美航空在内的17家公司都位于该州。
?的格鲁吉亚人包括民权领袖马丁·路德·金、美国前总统吉米·卡特、音乐人雷·查尔斯、女演员朱莉娅·罗伯茨和“专业自我中心”坎耶·维斯特。
?乔治亚州被称为“桃州”，因为它的桃子生长的历史;加利福尼亚和南卡罗来纳实际上生产出更多的桃子，但很多人会说，乔治亚州的桃子是最美味的。
?佐治亚州有350种鸟类。
?1945年，乔治亚州成为第一个将法定投票年龄从21岁降低到18岁的州。
二、气候条件
The largest of the southern US states east of the Mississippi, Georgia does well to encapsulate everything the Deep South has to offer, from rural towns to sprawling and diverse cities. Its geography is also varied, with mountains in the north producing spectacular rivers, while the marshlands along the coast in the east are known for their fiddler crab habitations and long, wind-ravished cord grasses.Nature is an important part of life in Georgia; the state even boasts its own ‘Seven Natural Wonders’. These include the Amicalola Falls, Okefenokee Swamp, Providence Canyon, Stone Mountain, Tallulah Gorge, Warm Springs and Radium Springs.As a prospective student looking to study in Georgia, however, you’ll most likely be spending most of your time within the state’s key cities and towns, where the majority of the universities in Georgia are located.State capital Atlanta is also the unofficial capital of the US South, due to its major role in the political, industrial and cultural reinvention and redevelopment of the region in the post-slavery era. Today, it holds significant educational clout, home to three universities ranked within the 2013/14 QS World University Rankings.Outside of the capital, traveling southeast towards the coast, is the small historic city of Savannah, a quaint image of preserved pre-war architecture and low-lying charm. Inch further out to the sea and the state’s coastal barrier islands offer up luxurious resorts as well as a plethora of nature reserves. Jekyll Island caters to the glamorous, while the more adventurous might prefer hiking in Cumberland Island, or following in the footsteps of the most famous pirate of the 17th century by exploring the so-called ‘wilderness area’ of Blackbeard Island.
佐治亚州是美国南部的州，位于密西西比河以东，它很好地囊括了南方腹地所能提供的一切，从乡村小镇到广阔而多样的城市。它的地理位置也各不相同，北部的山脉形成了壮观的河流，而东部沿海的沼泽地则以它们的招潮蟹的栖息地和长而被风吹的草类草而闻名。自然是格鲁吉亚生活的重要组成部分;该州甚至自诩拥有“七个自然奇观”。这些地区包括:和平瀑布、奥克弗诺基沼泽、普罗维登斯峡谷、石山、塔卢拉峡谷、温泉和镭泉。然而，作为一名想要在佐治亚州学习的准学生，你很可能会把大部分时间花在本州的主要城市和城镇上，而佐治亚州的大部分大学都位于该州。州首都亚特兰大也是美国南部的非官方首都，因为它在后奴隶制时代的政治、工业和文化重塑和重建方面发挥了重要作用。现如今,它拥有显著的教育影响力,三所大学进入了QS世界大学排名。在首都之外，向东南方向移动，是一个历史悠久的小城市萨凡纳，一个保留战前建筑和低洼魅力的奇特形象。再往外一英寸，沿海的堰洲岛就可以提供豪华的度假胜地和丰富的自然保护区。杰基尔岛迎合了人们的魅力，而冒险的人可能更喜欢在坎伯兰岛徒步旅行，或者追随17世纪最的海盗的脚步，探索黑胡子岛所谓的“荒野区”。
三、　佐治亚州的顶尖大学
1.乔治亚理工学院
Georgia’s highest ranked institution, the Georgia Institute of Technology, is among the world’s top 100 universities according to the 2013/14 QS World University Rankings, placed at 99th.Based in Atlanta, the Georgia Institute of Technology, or ‘Georgia Tech’, is a public research university and one of 31 institutions in the University System of Georgia. Specializing in the STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and mathematics), Georgia Tech performs well in programs such as statistics (4th in the world according to the 2014 QS World University Rankings by Subject), engineering (11th internationally for mechanical engineering), mathematics (18th) and computer science (31st). The school also takes great pride in claiming to be the US’s leading producer of bachelor’s degrees in engineering for female students.Located in midtown Atlanta, a district known as ‘Atlanta’s Heart of the Arts’, the Georgia Institute of Technology benefits from a vibrant and active student culture which promotes a ‘work hard play hard’ ethos. Technology Square and Home Park are popular areas to eat and live for students and graduates alike.
根据2013 / 14世界大学排名，佐治亚理工学院是世界排名前100的大学之一，排名第99位。乔治亚理工学院是佐治亚理工学院的一所公立研究型大学，也是佐治亚大学系统的31所院校之一。佐治亚理工学院专攻STEM学科(科学、技术、工程和数学)，佐治亚理工学院在统计方面表现优异(根据2014 QS世界大学排名，按学科排名第四)，工程(机械工程第11国际)，数学(18)和计算机科学(31)。该校还自豪地声称自己是美国的女学生工程学士学位的主要制作人。佐治亚理工学院位于亚特兰大市中心，是一个被称为“亚特兰大的艺术中心”的地区，它得益于一种活跃而活跃的学生文化，这一文化促进了“努力拼搏”的精神。科技广场和家庭公园是学生和毕业生都喜欢吃和生活的地方。
2.埃默里大学
The best known among private universities in Georgia is Emory University, which is within the top 150 in the 2013/14 QS World University Rankings. At subject level, it’s within the global top 100 for both medicine and English language and literature.Emory University’s leafy campus is located to the southeast of Atlanta city center. The reason behind the school’s leafy appearance is due to the university’s policy of keeping more than half of its grounds as undeveloped green space. Emory University is an established leader in sustainable development, with continued efforts to make the school as sustainable as possible. It has pledged that by 2015, 75% of food served on campus will come from local and/or sustainable sources, and all new buildings are designed to comply with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design guidelines.
在佐治亚的私立大学中，最的是埃默里大学，它在2013 / 14年度QS世界大学排名中位列前150名。在学科水平上，它在医学和英语语言和文学的全球排名前100。埃默里大学的绿叶校区位于亚特兰大市中心的东南部。学校之所以有如此多叶子的外观，其原因在于大学的政策是将其一半以上的土地保留为未开发的绿地。埃默里大学是可持续发展的，继续努力使学校可持续发展。该组织，到2015年，校园供应的食物中将来自75%当地和/或可持续的来源，所有的新建筑都将遵循能源和环境设计指导方针的领导。
3.佐治亚大学
Another notable institution in the University System of Georgia, alongside Georgia Institute of Technology, is the University of Georgia, the flagship university of the state and currently ranked at 411-420 in the world. A land grant and sea grant research university, the University of Georgia has prominent programs in agriculture and forestry (ranked 49th in the QS World University Rankings by Subject) and education and training (ranked joint 46th in the world).The University of Georgia is the only ranked institution in Georgia to be located outside of Atlanta, in the college town of Athens, allowing for a 759-acre main campus. Athens is particularly renowned for its music and arts culture, home to rock band R.E.M, and hosts many festivals and events throughout the year, such as AthFest. Students wishing to experience big city life are just over an hour’s drive from Atlanta.
佐治亚大学系统的另一个大学，佐治亚理工学院，是乔治亚轴的顶尖大学，目前在世界上排名411 - 420。乔治亚大学在农业和林业方面有突出的课程(在QS世界大学排名中排名第49位)和教育和培训(世界排名第46位)。乔治亚大学是乔治亚州一所位于亚特兰大城外的大学，它的主校区占地759英亩。雅典尤其以其音乐和艺术文化而闻名，这里是摇滚乐队R.E.的故乡M，每年都有很多节日和活动，比如AthFest。想体验大城市生活的学生距离亚特兰大只有一个小时的车程。
4.乔治亚州立大学
Last but not least, Georgia State University, another public research institution within the University System of Georgia, is the fourth among universities in Georgia to make the international ranking. The school has a population of just over 32,000, having developed from a humble night school into a vibrant student community located in downtown Atlanta. The university is ranked within the world’s top 200 for English language and literature, and also for communication and media studies
最后，佐治亚州立大学是佐治亚大学系统中的另一个公共研究大学，是佐治亚大学中排名第四的大学。这所学校有32,000多名学生，从一所不起眼的夜校发展成为位于亚特兰大市中心的一个充满活力的学生社区。该大学在英语和文学方面排名世界前200名，同时也在传播和媒体研究方面排名第一。
四、宜居城市
1.亚特兰大
The city’s population of five million continues to grow and diversify, while tourism is booming thanks to the shiny new Georgia Aquarium, two huge shopping malls, the World of Coca-Cola and Atlanta Zoo – home of famous giant panda cub Mei Lan.It’s not just modern commerce that brings people to the area however; Atlanta plays host to a rich history, thanks to its position as a focal transportation hub during the Civil War and the fact that the entire city was burned to the ground in 1864 by Sherman’s army, rebuilding itself swiftly thereafter to take on the modern shape it holds today. Atlanta is also prominent for its history of African-American immigration and the communities that grew from this. Most notably, these communities produced Martin Luther King Jr, perhaps the most prominent civil-rights activist of the 20th century.In the arts world, Atlanta also shines. The city’s urban and hip hop music scenes are particularly renowned, having produced multi-platinum-selling artists such as Ludacris, Outkast and Ciara. Arts and entertainment of all varieties thrive within Atlanta, including drama, classical music and ballet, visual arts, literature and more recently, film and television production.
这座城市的500万人口继续增长和多样化，而旅游业也在蓬勃发展，这多亏了闪亮的新乔治亚水族馆，两个巨大的购物中心，可口可乐和亚特兰大动物园的世界，这是的熊猫幼崽的故乡。然而，不仅仅是现代商业将人们带到这个地区;亚特兰大拥有丰富的历史，这要归功于它在内战期间作为交通枢纽的地位，以及整个城市在1864年被谢尔曼的军队夷为平地的事实，它迅速地重建了自己，以形成现如今的现代形态。亚特兰大也因其非裔美国人移民的历史以及由此而产生的社区而出名。最值得注意的是，这些社区造就了马丁·路德·金，他也许是20世纪最杰出的民权活动家。在艺术世界，亚特兰大也闪耀着光芒。这个城市的城市和嘻哈音乐的场景尤其出名，他们制作了多台白金唱片公司，比如卢达克里斯，Outkast和Ciara。所有种类的艺术和娱乐活动都在亚特兰大地区蓬勃发展，包括戏剧、古典音乐和芭蕾舞、视觉艺术、文学以及最近的影视作品。
2.雅典
Holding Georgia’s only ranked university outside of Atlanta, Athens is a small college town in the northeast of the state, just over an hour’s drive east of the capital. Home of the University of Georgia, Athens has long been shaped by its student community, giving the town a youthful, vibrant and innovative atmosphere. Well known for its music scene, Athens is the hometown of internationally loved bands ranging from R.E.M. to the B52-s and Of Montreal.As well as popular music venues, restaurants, coffee shops and world-class bars, Athens hosts the Georgia Museum of Art and the State Botanical Garden of Georgia. A town of tree-lovers, Athens is also home to the University of Georgia’s campus arboretum and the local landmark white oak tree known as the ‘Tree That Owns Itself’, a tree said to have legal ownership of itself and the land surrounding it!
坐落在亚特兰大城外的一所排名靠前的乔治亚大学是位于该州东北部的一个小大学城，距首都东部仅一小时车程。雅典大学的故乡雅典，长期以来被其学生社区所塑造，给这个城市一个充满活力和创新的氛围。雅典因其音乐而闻名，它是国际上深受喜爱的乐队的故乡，从R.E.M.到b52 - s和蒙特利尔。除了流行音乐场馆、餐厅、咖啡店和的酒吧外，雅典还举办了乔治亚艺术博物馆和乔治亚州植物园。雅典是一个爱树的小镇，也是乔治亚大学校园植物园的所在地，也是当地标志性的“拥有自己的树”的白橡树，这棵树据说拥有自己的合法所有权和周围的土地!
3.萨凡纳
Although not home to any internationally ranked universities, Savannah is a popular place to visit for students and tourists alike due to its century-old buildings and proximity to the coast and Georgia’s coastal islands. Sitting along the Savannah River, Savannah’s youthful atmosphere is largely due to the student population of the Savannah College of Art and Design (or SCAD), which makes sure that the city fosters innovation and modernity alongside its history and heritage.Film fans will love Savannah, a city which celebrates the annual Savannah Film Festival and is home to the bench on which Forrest Gump uttered the famous phrase ‘life is like a box of chocolates’. If you’re not a fan of the supernatural, however, you may want to rethink your visit to Savannah. The city is known as ‘America’s Most Haunted City’ and has a number of tours dedicated to its strange happenings, including a history of fires, plagues, wars and voodoo.Other cities to explore in Georgia include Columbus, Macon and Augusta.
萨凡纳虽然不是国际上排名靠前的大学的所在地，但由于其拥有百年历史的建筑和靠近海岸和佐治亚沿海岛屿的地理位置，萨凡纳是一个深受学生和游客欢迎的地方。萨凡纳在萨凡纳河沿岸的青年氛围，很大程度上是由于萨凡纳艺术与设计学院的学生群体，这确保了这座城市在其历史和传统的基础上促进了创新和现代化。电影迷们将会爱上萨凡纳，这是一个庆祝一年一度的萨凡纳电影节的城市，而阿甘正传就在那里，阿甘正说“人生就像一盒巧克力”。然而，如果你不喜欢超自然的东西，你可能会想要重新考虑你对萨凡纳的访问。这座城市被称为“美国最闹鬼的城市”，它有很多的旅游课程，包括火灾、瘟疫、战争和巫术的历史。乔治亚州的其他城市包括哥伦布、梅肯和奥古斯塔。

新视野大学英语读写教程 Book4 Translations

The Doctrine of the Mean is the core of Confucianism. The so-called“mean”by Confucius doesn’t mean“compromise” but a “moderate”and“just-right”way when understanding and handling objective things. Confucius advocated that this thought should not only be treated as a way to understand and deal with things but also be integrated into one’s daily conduct to make it a virtue through self-cultivation and training. The Doctrine of the Mean is not only the core of Confucianism but also an important component of traditional Chinese culture. From the time it came into being the present, it has played an invaluable role in the construction of national spirit, the transmission of national wisdom, and the development of national culture.

The four great classic Chinese novels are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Outlaws of the Marsh, Journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions. All the four novels were written during the period from the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties to the Qing Dynasty. They all reflect various aspects of ancient China, including political and military strife, social conflicts and cultural beliefs. The four novels are of supreme artistic standards, representing the peak of China’s classic novels, Lots of the characters and scenes in the books are well-known in China and have exerted profound influences on the ideology and values of the entire nation. Highly valuable for the research of China’s ancient customs, feudal system, and social life, the four classic novels are precious cultural relics of China as the human social as a whole.

In recent years, with the rapid development of Internet technology, the Internet economy has become a hot issue. As represented by the promising E-commerce, the Internet economy has become a strong driving force for the economic development. Our government attaches great importance to developing the Internet economy and proposes the concept of “Internet Plus”,aiming to integrate the Internet with other industries, such as health care, transportation, education, finance, and public service. This will create great potential and broad prospects for the development of the Internet economy. With the implementation of the “Internet Plus” strategy, the Internet is certain to be integrated with more traditional industries and help build “the upgraded version of the Chinese economy” .

Suzhou gardens are the most outstanding representatives of classical Chinese gardens. Most of them were privately-owned. The gardens first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, developed in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties. By the late Qing Dynasty, Suzhou had got as many as over 170 gardens of diverse styles, winning it the name "The City of Gardens". Now, over 60 gardens are kept in good condition, of which more than 10 are open to the public. The Surging Wave Pavilion, the Lion Grove Garden, the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Lingering Garden are called the four most famous gardens in Suzhou, representing the artistic styles of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing are dynasties of respectively.Suzhou gardens assemblies residences and gardens, which makes them suitable places for living, visiting and appreciating. The architectural principles of the gardens are a demonstration of the lifestyles and social customs of the ancient Chinese people in the Lower Yangtze River.Suzhou gardens are not only a product of Chinese history and culture,but also a carrier of traditional Chinese ideology and culture. In 1997, Suzhou gardens were inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO.

Chinese civilization once had a significant influence on word civilization. With the development of our country’s economy and the rise of her international statue in recent years, Chinese culture, which has a long history, is once again attracting global attention. More and more Chinese cultural elements provide inspiration for and become popular subjects of fashions, literature and movies around the world. This shows that the world needs Chinese culture. It was in this context that China decided to implement the “Culture Exporting” strategy so as to enhance her cultural exchanges with the rest of the world. After several years’ efforts, great achievements have been made in this respect. “Culture Exporting” has greatly promoted the development of our cultural industries. It is becoming an affective approach through which China enhances image and comprehensive strength.

BoaoForum for Asia(BFA) is a non-governmental, non-profit international organization. Initiated by 25 Asian countries and Australia, it was officially founded in 2001. The organization is head quartered in Boao Town in China's Hainan Province. With equality, mutual benefit, cooperation and win-win as its objectives, BFA is devoted to promoting economic exchanges, coordination and cooperation between Asian countries as well as enhancing dialogs and ties between Asia and other parts of the world. The forum provides a high-levelplat form where governments, businesses and scholars from relevant countries discuss Asian and global affairs. Through further regional economic cooperation, BFA will facilitate the realization of Asian countries' goals and contribute to a new Asia that boasts greater prosperity, stability and peace.

Urban-rural integration is a new stage of China's modernization and urbanization process. It aims to break the urban and rural dual economic structure through making integrated plans for urban and rural development, and through system reform and policy adjustment, so that the urban and rural areas will finally achieve equal policies and realize complementary developing patterns, enabling the rural residents to enjoy the same level of civilization and equal benefits with the urban residents. Urban-rural integration is a significant and profound social reform which enables comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of the entire urban-rural economy. Only by enhancing urban-rural integration, and by properly managing urban-rural relationships, increasing urban-rural collaboration, and narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, can we guarantee that our country realize the blueprint goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way by 2020.

In recent years, the social development and changes in employment situation have put higher requirements on college students. Instead of confining themselves to the knowledge in books, more and more college students are stepping-out of the “ Ivory Tower ” and taking an active part in social practice in their spare time. Through social practice, college students can have a deeper understanding of society, increase their sense of social responsibility, and improve their analytical and problem-solving abilities. Meanwhile, taking part in social practice can also help students recognize their own shortcomings and have a clear idea about where they are to go in the future. All these benefits will help them build up social and work experience, which will lay a solid foundation for them in finding jobs or starting their own businesses in the future.

英语翻译

有，当然，没有一个单一的模式，任何美国人性格多有一个单一的中式或英式性格.个人在美国更加复杂的是不同种族和文化的起源，通过连续不断的移民从世界所有地区，区域差异在美国。
强烈的诱惑是让所有美国人一起。然而，这些谁显得更深入地感到困惑的似乎矛盾的美国生活.它的确，美国作为一个整体工作困难.但他们还发挥困难.他们花更多的时间和金钱在旅游，观看体育比赛，喝酒，去电影，看电视和阅读报纸和杂志比任何其他人在世上.然而他们还花更多的钱在教会，社会服务，医院和各种慈善事业。
他们总是在赶，但他们花费更多的时间放松.他们是在同一时间敏感的权利individual.他们崇拜量纲尚未理想化的小个子。
有一件事几乎所有美国人都一致赞成的是，他们一个非常高的估值时成功.自从高regaed感受到成功，高回报.自己很少珍惜钱在美国，它只是一种象征和工具。
强调成功，一个关键的个人困境.想取得成功，必须是一个积极的，将喜欢的，一个必须随和友好。
美国人是一个特殊的人。
有，当然，没有一个单一的模式，任何美国人性格多有一个单一的中文或英文character.Personality在美国更加复杂的是不同种族和文化的起源，通过连续不断的移民从世界所有地区，区域差异在美国。
强烈的诱惑是让所有美国人一起。然而，这些谁显得更深入地感到困惑的似乎矛盾的美国life.It的确，美国作为一个整体工作hard.But他们还发挥hard.They花更多的时间和金钱在旅游，观看体育比赛，喝酒，去电影，看电视和阅读报纸和杂志比任何其他人在world.Yet他们还花更多的钱在教会，社会服务，医院和各种慈善事业。
他们总是在赶，但他们花费更多的时间relaxing.They是在同一时间敏感的权利individual.They崇拜量纲尚未理想化的小个子。
有一件事几乎所有美国人都一致赞成的是，他们一个非常高的估值时success.Since高regaed感受到成功，回报high.Money很少珍惜自己在美国，它只是一种象征和工具。
强调成功，一个关键的困境personality.To取得成功，必须是一个积极的，将喜欢的，一个必须随和友好。
美国人是一个特殊的人。
有，当然，没有一个单一的模式，任何美国人性格多有一个单一的中文或英文character.Personality在美国更加复杂的是不同种族和文化的起源，通过连续不断的移民从世界所有地区，区域差异在美国。
强烈的诱惑是让所有美国人一起。然而，这些谁显得更深入地感到困惑的似乎矛盾的美国life.It的确，美国作为一个整体工作hard.But他们还发挥hard.They花更多的时间和金钱在旅游，观看体育比赛，喝酒，去电影，看电视和阅读报纸和杂志比任何其他人在world.Yet他们还花更多的钱在教会，社会服务，医院和各种慈善事业。
他们总是在赶，但他们花费更多的时间relaxing.They是在同一时间敏感的权利individual.They崇拜量纲尚未理想化的小个子。
有一件事几乎所有美国人都一致赞成的是，他们一个非常高的估值时success.Since高regaed感受到成功，回报high.Money很少珍惜自己在美国，它只是一种象征和工具。
强调成功，一个关键的困境personality.To取得成功，必须是一个积极的，将喜欢的，一个必须随和友好。
美国人是一个特殊的人。
有, 当然,没有单一式样美国个性任何的较多超过有一个英国和中国个性。在美国的个性比较远复杂的藉着各种不同种族和文化的起源,藉着来自世界的所有地方的移民的连续高潮,藉着美国的地方不同。
诱惑强壮将所有的美国人集合起来。 然而看起来稍微比较深的人被美国生活的表面上矛盾困惑。它是真实的美国人整体而言认真工作。但是他们也努力地玩。他们在旅行方面花费较多的时间和钱,看运动,喝、去看电影,看电视而且超过全球的任何其他的人看报纸和杂志。然而他们也在教堂、社会的服务、医院和各种的慈善上花费较多的钱。
他们总是匆忙,然而他们花费较多的时间使人轻松的。他们是同时敏感的对个体的权利。他们参加礼拜大然而理想化小的男人。
一件事物几乎所有的美国人决定是他们放置一非常高评价在成功之上。因为高 regaed 被摸索成功，酬谢是高的。钱很少地被在美国为自己珍爱；它宁可是一个符号和一个工具。
在成功和一个个性的紧要关头困境上的强调。为了要成功，一一定是攻击性的; 像是,他一定是随和和友好的。
美国人是一个奇特的人。
Chinese character 的作文:
Characters: A Brief Introduction
Characters are the basic symbols that are used to write or print a language. For example, the characters used by the English language consist of the letters of the alphabet, numerals, punctuation marks and a variety of symbols (e.g., the ampersand, the dollar sign and the arithmetic symbols).
Characters are fundamental to computer systems. They are used for (1) input (e.g., through the keyboard or through optical scanning) and output (e.g., on the screen or on printed pages), (2) writing programs in programming languages, (3) as the basis of some operating systems (such as Linux) which are largely collections of plain text (i.e., human-readable character) files and (4) for the storage and transmission of non-character data (e.g., the transmission of images by e-mail using base64).
Issues regarding characters and their use with computers are relatively simple if dealing with a single language, such as English, which has a small number of characters. However, they become quite complex when dealing with internationalization and localization because of the diverse array of writing systems and vast number of characters in use throughout the world. Internationalization is the addition of a framework for support for multiple languages and cultures; localization is the adjustment of language, content and design to specific countries, regions or cultures.
Character Sets
A character set is the collection of characters that is used to write a particular language. Most languages have a single character set, and similar character sets are often used by a number of languages (e.g., variants of the Roman alphabet are used to write English, Spanish, Finnish, Dutch, etc.).
A few languages have, or have had, more than one character set. For example, the Japanese language uses three character sets: the main one is Chinese characters (i.e., the characters that are used to write the Chinese language), but it is supplemented with two syllabaries (called hiragana and katakana). The Korean language is now written mainly with a unique alphabet (called Hangul), but Chinese characters are still occasionally used.
Mongolia is attempting to restore its traditional alphabet that was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet (used to write Russian) in 1937 as a result of the country's being incorporated into the Soviet Union, and thus both character sets are currently in use. Turkey used an Arabic alphabet until 1928, at which time it was replaced by an alphabet based on the Roman alphabet as part of a political decision to become more westernized.
Characters and Glyphs
Characters should not confused with glyphs (although they sometimes are). A glyph is a visual representation (i.e., appearance) of a character and is determined by the typeface and style in which the character is printed. In general, any character can have a number of glyphs, with the number depending on the language.
A typeface is a specific, coordinated design for the entire set of characters that is used to write a language or languages. Some typefaces are available in several styles, such as most of those used to write English and other Western European languages, which are usually available in plain, bold and italic.
Different writing systems use different typefaces, and the number of typefaces varies according to the writing system and language. Thousands of typefaces have been developed for use by English and other Western European languages, and they range all the way from the very simple sans serif Geneva and Courier (which was widely used for typewriters) to Times (which is frequently used in printing periodicals and books) to the highly ornate Gothic (which is used mainly for decorative purposes). Characters written in sans serif typefaces lack the little hooks on their ends that are widely believed to make them easier to read.
Some characters in some languages can look very different according to the combination of typeface and style that are used to write them, and in some cases they may closely resemble other characters. Yet, it is only the glyph of a character that resembles another character, and the character itself (including its meaning and usage) is distinct.
Classification of Characters
Most writing systems can be broadly classified into one of three categories: alphabetic, syllabic and logographic. The vast majority of written languages that exist today use alphabets.
An alphabet is the complete, ordered, standardized set of letters that is used to write or print a written language. Each letter represents one or more phonemes (i.e., the fundamental sounds of a spoken language) and/or is used in combination with other letters to represent a phoneme. Most alphabets in use today are based on the Roman alphabet, which was used by the ancient Romans to write their Latin language.
A syllabary is a set of characters that represent the syllables of a language, with one distinct character for each possible syllable. A syllable is the next largest unit of sound in a language after a phoneme; it consists of a vowel sound or a vowel-consonant combination. Syllabaries typically contain many more characters than do alphabets. They are best suited to languages with relatively simple syllable structures, such as Japanese, which has only about a hundred syllables. The English language, in contrast, contains a relatively large number of vowels and complex consonant clusters, resulting in thousands of syllables.
The third major type of writing system, logographic, uses characters that represent objects or abstract ideas. This type of writing system is popularly referred to as pictographic or ideographic. The most important modern logographic writing system by far is Chinese, whose characters are also used, with varying degrees of modification, in Japanese and Korean (as a supplement to Hangul). The ancient Sumerians, Egyptians and Mayans also used logographic systems.
These three categories are not rigid. For example, the Chinese writing system is not purely logographic. This is because individual characters are often compounds which consist of an element that represents the meaning and an element that represents the pronunciation. Also, combinations of characters are sometimes used mainly for their phonetic values to represent proper nouns (e.g., names of people or places) from other languages.
Likewise, alphabetic and syllabic scripts frequently make some use of logograms and logographic values. The most common example is Arabic numerals, each of which has the same meaning regardless of which language or dialect it is used in and how it is pronounced. Other examples are symbols such as the ampersand and dollar sign. Also, individual letters sometimes have more than just a phonetic value: for example, in the English language the letter A often indicates high quality and the letter X sometimes indicates the unknown or an adult rating.
Origin of Characters
The oldest known writing system is cuneiform (named after the wedge-like shapes of the characters that were formed in clay tablets with reed styluses), which emerged in Sumer (in the southern part of what is now Iraq) more than 5,000 years ago. It was followed closely by the development of writing in Egypt and the Indus valley (in western India).
Chinese characters were apparently invented independently of characters used in the Middle East. They first appeared more than three thousand years ago, and they have been in use continuously in basically the same form ever since.
Most scholars believe that the first alphabets originated in the Near East, perhaps evolving from, or at least being influenced by, cuneiform or Egyptian hieroglyphics. The first widely used alphabet appears to have been that of the Phoenicians (who originated in what is now Lebanon), which was in use by at least 1,200 b.c. That alphabet contained 22 letters for consonant sounds and had no letters for vowels (as is the case with the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets, which descended from it). The Phoenicians spread their alphabet around the Mediterranean, including to the Greeks and the Etruscans (who preceded the Romans in Italy).
The Roman alphabet was adapted mainly from the Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century BC. It had only upper case (i.e., capital) letters and there were no punctuation marks nor spaces between words. Numbers were written with seven letters of the alphabet (i.e., Roman numerals) rather than with Arabic numerals.
Arabic numerals are today by far the most commonly used characters to represent numbers, although there are also other systems for writing numerals that are still in use, including Chinese and Thai. Arabic numerals were originally derived from an Indian system of writing numerals, and there is some speculation that the Indian numerals, in turn, originally came from Chinese characters.
Characters were also invented apparently independently in the Americas. In particular, the Mayans had a highly developed writing system that contained a large number of complex, logographic characters.
Numbers of Characters
The size of a character set varies wildly according to the language. Languages written with alphabets usually have the fewest characters and those using logographic writing systems have the most. Among the former, the language with the smallest alphabet (and thus the smallest total number of characters) is the Rotokas language (spoken in Bougainville, an island to the East of Papua New Guinea), which contains only eleven letters, and that with the largest alphabet is Armenian, with 39 letters.
The Chinese language has by far the largest number of characters of any writing system that has ever existed, and it accounts for the vast bulk of the characters in use in the world today. Chinese contains more than 40,000 characters, and some estimates place the total at close to 60,000. However, most of these are rarely used, and well-educated people generally know only about 5,000.
The Japanese language ranks second in terms of the number of characters because it makes heavy use of Chinese characters. Approximately 2000 such characters are taught during primary and secondary school, and a well-educated person will know at least 3500 characters. Hiragana and katakana, the two syllabaries that are used to supplement the Chinese characters, each contain 46 characters.
In South Korea, middle and high school students study 1,800 to 2,000 Chinese characters, but most people use Hangul almost exclusively in their daily lives. Chinese characters are used mainly for personal and place names, for calligraphy and for clarification of some terms written in Hangul.
Characters and Computers
The vast number of characters and the great diversity of writing systems in use around the world present some major challenges for the development of software. This has become an increasingly important issue as a result of the rapid growth in the use of computers in countries that do not use European languages.
ASCII (an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange and pronounced ask-ee) is the de facto encoding (i.e., set of code numbers) used by computers and communications equipment to represent text. It is a single byte (i.e., eight bits) encoding system (i.e., uses one byte to represent each character), and the use of the first seven bits allows it to represent a maximum of 128 characters. ASCII is based on the characters used to write the English language (including both upper and lower case letters). Extended versions (which utilize the eighth bit to provide a maximum of 256 characters) have been developed for use with other character sets.
Although ASCII is one of the most successful software standards ever developed, its limitations have become increasingly apparent as a result of the growing internationalization and localization of software. It is suitable for use only with languages that have very small character sets, and is not well suited for computer systems which simultaneously use multiple character sets.
Consequently, Unicode was developed as a means of allowing computers to deal with the full range of characters used by human languages. It has a goal of providing a unique encoding for every character that currently exists or that has ever existed (but not for their variant glyphs). This is accomplished by representing each character with two or more bytes, thus vastly increasing the total number of possible unique character encodings. Unicode version 2.0 (released in 1996) listed 38,885 characters, version 3.0 (released in 2000) listed 49,194 and version 4.0 (released in 2003) lists 96,382. Although Unicode has achieved considerable success, it remains a work in process.
A number of issues with regard to the use of characters and writing systems by computers have yet to be completely resolved. They include (1) controversies in the case of some Chinese characters regarding what is the underlying character and what is the variant glyph, (2) efficient keyboard input systems for languages that use large numbers of characters, (3) software that will allow easy input and display of characters that are arranged other than horizontally from left to right (e.g., right to left or vertically), (4) political and nationalistic controversies about characters, (5) characters that can have multiple forms according to where they are used in words and (6) languages that use multiple character sets.
当然更比在美洲那里存在一单打英语或者中国character.Personality被被连续的潮水般的从所有的部分世界移居 ,经过地区多样化进一步因各种各样种族和文化起源使复杂化更多没有美国个性的专一模式在朝派美洲.诱惑是坚强一起放所有的美国人.还那些谁看一点深深公亩使迷惑不解在附近表面上的反驳在朝派美国life.It存在真那美国人作为整体工作hard.But那些也演奏hard.They花钱更多时间和钱在朝派移动注意体育运动的喝酒去向电影注意电视和阅读报纸和magazines与相比一些其他的人们在朝派world.Yet那些也花钱更多钱右手击球员的左后方场地教堂社会福利医院和各种各样的慈善.他们总是是匆忙地,同时大还把矮小男子男人理想化的对individual.They礼拜的权利敏感,还更多时间他们花费relaxing.They公亩.一个东西
http://www.lingoes.cn/zh/translator/download.htm
当然,没有单一模式的美国人性格比单一的英文或中文character.Personality在美国变得更为复杂,各种各样的种族和文化背景,通过连续不断的移民浪潮从世界的各个角落,由区域的多样性。
强大的吸引力把所有的美国人都在一起。但是,那些看上去一点迷惑不解,看似矛盾,它真正的美国人作为一个整体的工作很艰难。但是他们也打他们花更多的时间和金钱在旅游、看体育比赛、喝酒、看电影、看电视,读报纸和杂志的人比其他任何world.Yet他们也花更多的钱在教会、社会服务、医院和各种各样的慈善机构。
他们总是忙来忙去,然而他们花更多的时间relaxing.They都在同一时间内的权利individual.They崇拜大人物,也把小人物理想化。
几乎所有的美国人都同意一件事上,他们极为看重success.Since regaed高成功,回报是high.Money是很少看重自己在美国,它更多的是一种标志,一种工具。
强调成功和批判的困境,必须personality.To成功;喜欢咄咄逼人,一个人必须随和且友好。
美国人是一个与众不同的人。

关于假期去荷兰旅游的英语作文

　　It’s both easy to see and hard to imagine that Holland, Michigan has its roots in the most solemn aspects of Dutch culture. Much of the religious conviction remains, as does the traditional Dutch architecture, and ambiance. But like its pioneers, Holland has reinvented itself without letting go of its heritage. Today’s Holland is alive with diverse cultures, whose influence has created an exciting, thriving community that has never lost its charm or affability. Long time residents can’t imagine living anywhere else; newcomers wonder why they didn’t move here sooner. And our visitors delight in the vast array of recreational activities, visual and performing arts, Dutch attractions, magnificant beaches and an award-winning downtown with exceptional shops, galleries, and eateries. There’s even a snowmelt system that keeps the downtown streets and sidewalks dry in winter. Click on the links below to find out more about our past, present, and your future with Holland.
It’s both easy to see and hard to imagine that Holland, Michigan has its roots in the most solemn aspects of Dutch culture. Much of the religious conviction remains, as does the traditional Dutch architecture, and ambiance. But like its pioneers, Holland has reinvented itself without letting go of its heritage. Today’s Holland is alive with diverse cultures, whose influence has created an exciting, thriving community that has never lost its charm or affability. Long time residents can’t imagine living anywhere else; newcomers wonder why they didn’t move here sooner. And our visitors delight in the vast array of recreational activities, visual and performing arts, Dutch attractions, magnificant beaches and an award-winning downtown with exceptional shops, galleries, and eateries. There’s even a snowmelt system that keeps the downtown streets and sidewalks dry in winter. Click on the links below to find out more about our past, present, and your future with Holland.

急！用英文简述电脑发展史

ENIAC is in a computer history milestone is original, computer's English original word “computer” is the human who refers to is engaged in the data computation. But they often need with the aid of certain machinery calculating device or the analog computer. These early time calculating device's ancestor includes the abacus, as well as may trace 87 B.C. An who uses in by the ancient Greece person calculating the planet migration Ti the base Tela mechanism. Along with the middle ages last stage Europe mathematics and engineering prosperous once more, in 1623 took the lead by Wilhelm Schickard to develop Europe first calculating device, this was one can carry on six within number plus-minus methods, and could “calculate the clock” through the ting output answer. The use transmission gear carries on the operation. 1642 year France mathematician Pascal in WILLIAM in the Oughtred calculating rule's foundation, improves the calculating rule, can carry on eight computations. Also has sold many products, became at that time one kind of fashionable commodity.
in 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard has made the improvement to loom's design, he used a series of punch paper card to take the knitting complex design the procedure. Jacquard type loom, although was not considered that is a genuine computer, but its appearance is truly in the modern computer developing process important one step. Charles Babbidge (Charles Babbage) is devises and designs one completely programmable computer's first person, at that time was in 1820. But as a result of the engineering factor, the funds limit, as well as is unable to endure patiently to patching which designs does not stop, this computer has not been able to come out throughout in his rest of the year. Approximately to the 19th century later period, many were proven afterward that has the great significance technology to the computer science to appear one after another, including punched card as well as vacuum tube. Hermann Hollerith has designed the machine which a scheduling uses, has realized the application punched card large-scale automatic data processing.
In the first half of 20th century, to cater to the science computation the need, many special purposes and deepen the complex analog computer to develop unceasingly. These computers are the specific question machinery which or the electronic model aims at with them take the computation foundation. The 20th century 30-40 ages, computer's performance was formidable gradually, and the versatility obtained the promotion, the modern computer's essential characteristic is joined unceasingly. the 1937 year (Claude Shannon) has published his great paper by Chrowder · Aier Wood · Shannon "to Relay And In Switching circuit's Symbolic analysis", in the article mentions the digit electronic technology for the first time the application. He had demonstrated to the people how to use the switch to realize logic and mathematics operation. Hereafter, he through studied Vannevar Bush the differential simulator to further consolidate his idea. This is one symbolizes the binary system electronic circuit design and the logical gate application start significant instant, but takes the pioneer who these key ideas are born, must include: Almon Strowger, he was one includes the logical gate equipment to apply for the patent; Nicolay Tesla (Nikola Tesla), he as early as once applied in 1898 to include the logical gate electric circuit equipment; Lee De Forest, he used the vacuum tube in 1907 to replace the relay.
Commodore Corporation the Amiga 500 computers which produces in the 20th century the 80s endless long-distance defines so-called “the first electronic accounting machine” along this kind of high and low seeking quite to be difficult. on May 12, 1941, Konrad Zuse has completed his mechanical and electrical sharing equipment “Z3”, this is first has the automatic binary system mathematical computation characteristic as well as the feasible programming function computer, but is not “the electron” the computer. In addition, other are noteworthy the achievement which mainly to have: in 1941 was born in the summer the Atanasuofu - shell auspicious computer was in the world the first electronic accounting machine, it has used the vacuum tube calculator, the binary value, but multiplying memory; In Britain in 1943 the mystical great elephant computer which demonstrated (Colossus computer), although programming ability is extremely limited, but it indeed told the people to use the vacuum tube both to be worth trusting and can realize the electrification again programming; Harvard University's Harvard Mark I; As well as based on binary system “Egyptian Nepal Acher” (ENIAC,1944 year), this is the first general intention computer, but because its structural design insufficient elastification, causes to it each time to program again means the electricity physical circuit's again connection.
Developed the Egyptian Nepal Acre's group to further consummate the design in view of its flaw, and presented Feng · who finally we knew very well today the Nuoyiman structure (procedure memory architecture). This system possesses computer's foundation now. In the 1940s the mid and late stage, started based on this system's computer to develop in large numbers, by Britain most early. What although the first development completes and the be operated is “the small scale testing aircraft” (Small-Scale Experimental Machine, SSEM), but is developed practical machine very possible is EDSAC truly. in entire the 1950s, the vacuum tube computer resided in the dominant status. on September 12, 1958 in Robert Noyce (INTEL Corporation's founders) under the leadership, has invented the integrated circuit. Soon has promoted the microprocessor. from 1959 the computer which to 1964 designed is been called generally the second generation of computer.
To the 60s, the transistor computer has displaced it. The transistor volume is smaller, the speed is quicker, the price is more inexpensive, the performance is more reliable, this causes them to be possible by the commercialized production. 1964 to 1972 computer is called generally the third generation computer. The massive use integrated circuit, the typical type is the IBM360 series. to the 70s, the integrated circuit technology's introduction reduced the computer production cost enormously, the computer also henceforth started to move toward everyone. in after 1972 computer custom is called the fourth generation of computer. Based on large scale integrated circuit, and afterward ultra large scale integrated circuit. on April 1, 1972 INTEL promoted 8008 microprocessors. in 1976 Stephen Wozinak and Stephen Jobs origination apple computer company. And promotes its Apple I computer. in May, 1977 Apple II computer issue. on June 1, 1979 INTEL has issued 8 element 8088 microprocessors. the 1982 year, the microcomputer starts to popularize, enters the school and the family massively. in the January, 1982 Commodore 64 computers issued, price: 595 US dollars. in February, 1982 80286 issues. The clock rate enhances 20MHz, and increased the protected mode, may visit the 16M memory. Supports above 1GB the virtual memory. Each second carries out 2,700,000 instructions, integrated 134000 transistors.
in November, 1990: First generation of MPC (multimedia personal computing standards) issued. Processor 80286/12MHz, afterward increased at least to 80386SX/16 MHz, and light drives, at least 150 KB/sec transfer rates. on October 10, 1994 Intel issued 75 MHz the Pentium processor. on November 1, 1995 Pentium Pro issue. The basic frequency may reach 200 MHz, each second completes 440,000,000 instructions, integrated 5,500,000 transistors. on January 8, 1997 Intel issued Pentium MMX. Have carried on the enhancement to the game and the multimedia functions. the hereafter computer's change changes with each new day, in 1965 published the mole of law publication should prove unceasingly, forecast that was still still suitable in the next 10~15 years.
We build computer to solve problems.Early computer solved mathematical and engineering problems，and later computers emphasized information processing for business applications.T-
oday，computers also control machines as diverse as automobile engines，robots，and microwave ovens. A computer system solves a problem from any of these domains by accepting input，processing it，and producing output. Fig. 1-1 illustrates the function of a computer system.
Computer systems consist of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical part of the system. Once designed，hardware is difficult and expensive to change. Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardware. Computers are valuable because they are general-purpose machines that can solve many different kinds of problems，as opposed to special-purpose machines that can each solve only one kind of problem. Different problems can be solved with the same hardware by supplying the system with a different set of instructions.that is，with different software.
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翻译:
计算机组成原理
计算机硬件
人们为解决问题而制造计算机。早期的计算机解决的是数学和工程问题，后来计算机着重解决商业应用中的信息处理问题。如今，计算机还用来控制如汽车发动机、机器人和微波炉等各式各样的机器。计算机系统解决上述这些领域中的任何一个问题都是通过接收输入、处理问题和生成输出来实现的。图1-1说明了计算机系统的功能。
计算机系统由硬件和软件组成。硬件是系统的物理部分。硬件一旦设计完毕，要修改是困难的，并且花费也大。软件是指挥硬件的程序集合，比硬件容易修改。计算机之所以有用，是因为它们能解决很多不同类型的问题，是通用的机器。相对而言，每种专用机只能解决一类问题。通过为系统配备不同的指令系统，也就是配备不同的软件，能用同一硬件去解决不同的问题。
http://tdi.uregina.ca/~complit/comphist.htm
Milestones in Computer Development
WEBLIOGRAPHY AND CREDITS
2000 B.C. The abacus is first used for computations.
1642 A.D. Blaise Pascal creates a mechanical adding machine for tax computations. It is unreliable.
1670 Gottfried von Liebniz creates a more reliable adding machine that adds, subtracts, multiplies, divides, and calculates square roots.
1842 Charles Babbage designs an analytical engine to perform general calculations automatically. Ada Augusta (a.k.a. Lady Lovelace) is a programmer for this machine.
1890 Herman Hollerith designs a system to record census data. The information is stored as holes in cards, which are interpreted by machines with electrical sensors. Hollerith starts a company that will eventually become IBM.
1939 John Atanasoff, with graduate student Clifford Berry, designs and builds the first electronic digital computer. His project was funded by a grant for 650$.
1946 J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly design and build the ENIAC computer. It used 18,000 vacuum tubes and cost $500,000 to build.
1946 John von Neumann proposes that a program be stored in a computer in the same way that data are stored. His proposal, called the "von Neumann architecture," is the basis for modern computers.
1951 Eckert and Mauchly build the first general-purpose commercial computer, the UNIVAC.
1957 An IBM team, led by John Backus, designs the first successful high-level programming language, FORTRAN, for solving engineering and science problems.
1958 The first computer to use the transistor as a switching device, the IBM 7090, is introduced.
1964 The first computer to use integrated circuits, the IBM 360, is announced.
1965 The CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system is introduced. It allows several users simultaneously to use, or share, a single computer.
1970 A first version of the UNIX operating system is running on the DEC PDP-7.
1971 Nicklaus Wirth designs the Pascal programming language as a language for teaching structured programming concepts.
1972 Dennis Ritchie of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey develops the language C.
1973 Part of the UNIX operating system is implemented in C.
1975 The first microcomputer, the Altair, is introduced.
1975 The first supercomputer, the Cray-1, is announced.
1976 Digital Equipment Corporation introduces its popular minicomputer, the DEC VAX 11/780.
1977 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found Apple Computer.
1978 Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston develop the first electronic spreadsheet, called VisiCalc, for the Apple computer.
1979-82 Bjarne Stroustrup of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey introduces "C with Classes."
1981 IBM introduces the IBM PC.
1983-85 C with Classes is redesigned and reimplemented as C++.
1984 Apple introduces the Macintosh, the first widely available computer with a "user-friendly" graphical interface using icons, windows, and a mouse device.
1988 Work on standardization of C++ begins.
1989 Microsoft Corporation introduces Windows for IBM computers.
1989 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publishes the first standard for the C programming language.
Computer History
Year/Enter Computer History
Inventors/Inventions Computer History
Description of Event
1936 Konrad Zuse - Z1 Computer First freely programmable computer.
1942 John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
ABC Computer Who was first in the computing biz is not always as easy as ABC.
1944 Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper
Harvard Mark I Computer The Harvard Mark 1 computer.
1946 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
ENIAC 1 Computer 20,000 vacuum tubes later...
1948 Frederic Williams & Tom Kilburn
Manchester Baby Computer & The Williams Tube Baby and the Williams Tube turn on the memories.
1947/48 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley
The Transistor No, a transistor is not a computer, but this invention greatly affected the history of computers.
1951 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
UNIVAC Computer First commercial computer & able to pick presidential winners.
1953 International Business Machines
IBM 701 EDPM Computer IBM enters into 'The History of Computers'.
1954 John Backus & IBM
FORTRAN Computer Programming Language The first successful high level programming language.
1955
(In Use 1959)
Stanford Research Institute, Bank of America, and General Electric
ERMA and MICR The first bank industry computer - also MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) for reading checks.
1958 Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce
The Integrated Circuit Otherwise known as 'The Chip'
1962 Steve Russell & MIT
Spacewar Computer Game The first computer game invented.
1964 Douglas Engelbart
Computer Mouse & Windows Nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end.
1969 ARPAnet The original Internet.
1970 Intel 1103 Computer Memory The world's first available dynamic RAM chip.
1971 Faggin, Hoff & Mazor
Intel 4004 Computer Microprocessor The first microprocessor.
1971 Alan Shugart &IBM
The "Floppy" Disk Nicknamed the "Floppy" for its flexibility.
1973 Robert Metcalfe & Xerox
The Ethernet Computer Networking Networking.
1974/75 Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair & IBM 5100 Computers The first consumer computers.
1976/77 Apple I, II & TRS-80 & Commodore Pet Computers More first consumer computers.
1978 Dan Bricklin & Bob Frankston
VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software Any product that pays for itself in two weeks is a surefire winner.
1979 Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby
WordStar Software Word Processors.
1981 IBM
The IBM PC - Home Computer From an "Acorn" grows a personal computer revolution
1981 Microsoft
MS-DOS Computer Operating System From "Quick And Dirty" comes the operating system of the century.
1983 Apple Lisa Computer The first home computer with a GUI, graphical user interface.
1984 Apple Macintosh Computer The more affordable home computer with a GUI.
1985 Microsoft Windows Microsoft begins the friendly war with Apple.
SERIES TO BE CONTINUED
Acknowledged by the whole world's first electronic computer ENIAC, the birth place suffered in the Second World War, and its "birthplace" Abedin, Maryland, the United States Army field artillery test. The secret is that Abeiding test field artillery computer development from the initial idea of the "control theory" Father of Wiener (L. Wiener) Professor letter. As early as during the first World War, had come to Wiener Abeiding test field artillery. At that time, ballistics laboratory, the famous mathematician Huibailun (O. Veblen) asked him for the preparation of a range of antiaircraft artillery table. Here, he not only the initiation of the control theory, thinking, and first saw the need for a high-speed computers.
Over the years, Wiener and the invention of the computer simulation Bush has been working with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have forged profound friendship. 1940, in a letter to Bush, Wiener wrote, the modern computer is digital, electronic components constituted by using binary, and the internal storage of the data. Wiener made these principles, guidelines for the electronic computer in the right direction.
Evolution of the Computer:
The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth.
1600s: John Napier discovers logarithms. Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule which will remain in popular use until 19??.
1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repare it.
1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom.
1812: Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine.
1840s: Augusta Ada. "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system shouled be used for staorage rather than a decimal system.
1850s: George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry.
1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).
1906: The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest.
1939: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital computers.
1941, Konrad Zuse (recently deceased in January of 1996), from Germany, introduced the first programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering equations. This machine, called the Z3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system.
1943: British mathematician Alan Turing developped a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and write. It would presage programmable computers. He also used vacuum technology to build British Colossus, a machine used to counteract the German code scrambling device, Enigma.
1944: Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic opreations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions.
1945: Dr. John von Neumann presented a paper outlining the stored-program concept.
1947: The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developped by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It wasn't programmable but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. That same year, the transistor was invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs. It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and radios.
1949: Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second stored-program computer was built by Mauchly, Eckert, and von Neumann. An Wang developped magnetic-core memory which Jay Forrester would reorganize to be more efficient.
1950: Turing built the ACE, considered by some to be the first programmable digital computer.